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XXI century and the tribal government

XXI century and the tribal government

Yemenis and war do not forget their traditions, that, in particular, expressed in dance in arms. photo: Reuters

In late March of this year to mark the fourth anniversary of the uprising in Yemen antisunnitskogo hundreds of thousands of members of the movement "Ansar Allah", also referred to as Huthis (less dzharuditami and surhubitami), held in the capital Sana'a and other cities occupied by them marches and demonstrations. It is with the armed actions Huthis 26 Martha 2015 the year began an uprising of local Shiites against the then leadership of the Republic of Yemen (ENVIRONMENT). The demonstrators chanted slogans against the United States, Israel and Saudi Arabia (CA), accusing them of a humanitarian disaster in the country.

Speaking at a rally in central Sanaa Yemeni chapter of the revolutionary council of 39-year-old Muhammad al-Husi, a cousin of the leader Huthis 38-year-old Abdul-Malik al-Husi, He stated: "The Yemeni people continue to struggle with the Saudi imperialism to the end". Huthis only define themselves as the legitimate government, and those, who ruled in the south, considered usurpers.

Jobs in Yemen - not a walk in the park

Yemeni rebels - Huthis - fired missiles at military base SA, located in the south of the kingdom. The Saudis are led coalition, established in January 2015 year Salman Al-Saud immediately after the coronation. This coalition includes Sunni Kuwait, Bahrain, OAE, Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, Sudan and Pakistan.

Huthis, Iranian-backed, They control most of the country, including the capital Sanaa, taken them under control in August 2014 of the year. Riyadh deals airstrikes on military bases Huthis in the southern regions of the country and on the Red Sea.

Intense fighting began in the evening 25 Martha 2015 of the year, when CA bombardments position Huthis launched Operation "Storm determination". Then to a full-scale military actions commenced Navy Saudis. According to the CA Department of Defense, 2500 air strikes by the Allied Coalition resulted in the destruction of ballistic weapons, in the hands of groups husitskoy. 21 April Riyadh announced the termination of "Storm committed" at the request of Yemeni President Abd-Rabah Mansour Hadi, fled from the Huthis to shelter its Saudis.

The legitimacy of the continuation of the presidential authority Hadi, elected 21 February 2012 year in early elections for two years, uncertain. And not just because, that he was the only candidate. Convening the Yemeni House of Representatives (parliament), consisting of 301 a member of the legislature, elected for six years, but not re-elected 16 years (from April 2003 of the year) due to "extraordinary circumstances" (Article. 64 the Yemeni Constitution), It discredits the very status of the highest official of the country faces. probably, This fact was one of the reasons, from August 2016 Hadi, the position is called "Managing the Yemeni".

"Storm determination" almost immediately changed the "Operation Restore Hope", pursued by the Saudis in order to "restore the Yemeni army" and return to the country ousted Mansour Hadi. Then held the post of the official representative of the Saudi Army Command Brigadier General Ahmad Asiri claimed, that "military operations in Yemen will not stop, while there are dangers of terrorism and the absence of a political process ". Later General Asiri was appointed deputy head of the CA of the General Intelligence Service, but he was fired after the murder in Istanbul, Yemeni journalist Jamal Hashogdzhi, which happened 2 October 2018 of the year. According to some reports, Ahmed Asiri initiated the establishment of "Fergie al-NAMR" ("Tiger teams"), otherwise talk, "Liquidators", recruited from the SA National Guard, Air Force and other privileged birth of the Kingdom of troops.

XXI century and the tribal government

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Special Envoy to the UN in Yemen, 68-year-old British diplomat Martin Griffiths, appointed to this position in February 2018 of the year, He managed to seat the conflicting parties to the negotiating table, but the result of the efforts of an experienced diplomat was nil: even the agreement on the cessation of hostilities in specified regions were disrupted. Huthis, do not hesitate, express distrust Briton, suspecting him of helping government forces, obeying Hadi, and arms sales. On the other hand, supported by most of the Arab world government Hadi accuses Griffiths in connivance Huthis, nominating, According to Sunnis, completely unacceptable demands. Responding to accusations, Griffiths says, that "to date, Yemen - the arena of bitter confrontation between Iran and its Sunni opponents". Special Envoy of the most influential international organization speaks directly, what, "Despite the efforts made, through the diplomatic channel conflict can not repay ". Many remember the maxim expressed them: "Working in Yemen - not a walk in the park".

peaceful Zaidi

Islam, one of the three Abrahamic religions, subdivided, not only on the confession Shiites and Sunnis. So, Shiite branch of Islam is represented and Imami Twelver, recognizing the twelve Imams of the genus Ali. It is this branch of the rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran (MACRO), and after the ouster of Saddam Hussein in Iraq and also in Baghdad. Tehran Ayatollah recognized Alawites, sect, incorporated as a Shiite, and astral cults, and Christian elements, Shiites. Alawites make up a significant part of the population of Syria. This branch of Islam professes Assad clan, which belongs to the Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad and the entire top army and security services. However, not all the Shiite Alawite take over their.

In Yemen, about 60% of the population are Sunni, others - Shiites mainly Zaidi directions. It is important to keep in mind, that Yemeni Shiites for centuries with Twelver themselves are not fully correlated. They are called Zaidis, because I believe the followers of Zayd ibn Ali, who lived in the VIII century. He led a rebellion against the Caliphate, and 740 He was taken prisoner and was executed. His supporters have formed a special sect, most members of which live in northern Yemen, accounting for about a third of the country's population.

Zaidi sect, until recently, was considered the most peaceful of all Shiite areas. Significantly, in Yemen, almost until the end of the 80s of the last century confrontation Sunnis and Shia Zaidi rarely came to the use of weapons. Unlike Iraq and Iran, where Sunnis and Shiites kill each other and continue to kill, in Yemen, the relationship between the directions of the time were quite correct.

Time to reach the Jebel

To understand the situation in Yemen, this should be borne in mind, that throughout the twentieth century in North and South Yemen were different ways of development. The Ottoman Empire controlled the entire Arabian Peninsula, except for the southern tip of, which the United Kingdom has made its outpost in the confrontation with France. In those days, it was called South Yemen Aden and was considered a British protectorate.

AT 1918 by North Yemen gained independence from the Ottoman Empire. In North Yemen came to power autocratic regime Hamidaddinov dynasty, relying on the leaders of the Zaidi tribes. In February 1948 , a group of conspirators killed the king and Imam Yahya bin Muhammad Hamidaddina. One of those, who killed him, Emir was Ahmed Ben Yahia (1892–1962), a native son of the murdered monarch. But the power he had come at once. Initially, the Council of Elders of Sana'a, Yemen capital, proclaimed King Abdallah al-Wazir - a representative of a noble and wealthy family of al-Vazirov, It has long vied with Hamidaddinov family.

The first step of the new King Abdullah was a secret instruction to his supporters to kill the emir Ahmed. But the representative of the genus Hamidaddinov lucky: to remain loyal to him and the military captured the state treasury, he safely reached Jabal, mountain range in Yemen and partly Oman. There he called on the tribes of mountaineers-Zaidi to start a holy war against the usurper and godless rebels. And Zaidi stood up on his side. Ahmed also received the support of the largest Arab monarchies. Saudi King Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud, Egyptian King Farouk I and the Jordanian monarch Abdullah I had the Emir Ahmed military and financial aid.

XXI century and the tribal government

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AT 1962 by King Ahmad died, and noble families were again ready to fight for the throne, but did not have time. We took advantage of the situation military. They overthrew the monarchy and proclaimed the northern Yemen Arab Republic (YAR). However, supporters of the monarchy had fled to the north and with the help of CA unleashed a civil war, which lasted until 1970 of the year. AT 1967 he won the independence of South Yemen (former Aden). Adopting generally pro-Soviet orientation, this country became known as the People's Republic of South Yemen (NRYuI).

Relations of North and South Yemen reached the armed conflict in 1972 and 1979 years, but then both of Yemen have forgotten or pretended, that forgotten old grudges, and decided to unite. But over the years, split the population of north and south Yemen gained a different experience. In other words, Separatist tendencies were. And the Shiites with Sunnis still do not become brothers. One factor, created such turmoil, Zaidi Shiism became the drift towards Iran dvunadesyatnichestva. Yemenis took many Iranian memorial days and holidays, not previously mentioned. for example, holiday "Ashura" - a day of mourning for Imam Hussein, Mawlid the Prophet's birthday and some other. Again leaped leaders ambitions. That's after the merger 22 May 1990 Southern Yemen, the Yemen Arab Republic to the turmoil in the country started. Religious and cultural influence of Iran entailed strengthening of political influence, which, of course, I could not help but notice in CA. probably, Riyadh was hoping for the mercy of local Sunni majority and at first did not take any measures. doomsday started, when Saade, town in north-west Yemen, conflict broke out between Shiites and Sunnis. Should pay attention, that this city with 860 year is the religious center of the Yemeni Zaidi.

Heresy against venality

In the early 2000s, Zaidi Shiites began to oppose the Sunni authorities, accusing them of corruption and harassment of confessional. A full-scale uprising, flushed in 2004 year, He headed by Sheikh Hussein Badr al-Din al-Husi (1956–2004) from the tribe of Badruddin. He led the organization "Al-Shabab Al-Mumin" ("Orthodox youth"). In this position he gained enormous prestige. Besides, in 1993-1997 al-Husi was member of the parliamentary assembly of Saada province. AT 1994 year, he created a new group "Ansar Allah", which initially was considered a theological movement and preached tolerance and peace.

Al-Husi harshly criticized the president and the government of Yemen, that, in his opinion, sold US. Then, proclaiming himself an imam and announced the creation of the Emirate, Al-Husi had taken refuge in the mountains in the north. In response, the Yemeni authorities have accused him "in the spread of heresy, sowing sectarian strife and undermining social security in the country ". Given the fact, Yemen is the most intense small arms (primarily Kalashnikovs) country in the world, charges Yemeni authorities burned fuse armed confrontation. Attempt to arrest Al-Husi 18 June 2004 year turned into an armed conflict with the government army and his supporters actually led to civil war.

After the assassination in September 2004 by Hussein Badr al-Din al-Husi uprising led by his father - Badr al-Din al-Hussein Husi, and then brother Hussein - Abdul-Malik al-Husi, born in 1982 year. It is in honor of the family of al-Zaidi Husi fighters called themselves Huthis. Officially, the movement continues to be referred to as "Ansar Allah". Mansur Hadi and his supporters called Huthis "pro-Iranian fifth column". In response Huthis accused representatives of the Yemeni establishment of betraying the interests of the people and Administering Wahhabi CA. The civil war lasted six years in Yemen. AT 2010 year at the end of the tunnel fraternal bloodshed loomed the light of the world. The sides agreed to a truce, which on the background of the remaining contradictions did not last long. AT 2011 year began Zaidi Shia clashes with Sunni militias and "Al Qaeda".

XXI century and the tribal government

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and armored. photo: Reuters

The fate of Yemeni Machiavelli

XXI century and the tribal government

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Ali Abdullah Saleh (1942–2017), undoubtedly, He went down in history as an outstanding political and military leader. At the age of 20 years, he managed to take part in the overthrow of Imam-King Muhammad al-Badr and education on the territory of State of the Kingdom North Yemen - Yemen Arab Republic. AT 1978 , he became head of the State, and 1990 year, Having stoked the unification of North and South Yemen, Saleh became president of the new state, dubbed Yemen. In January 2011 year in Yemen began mass demonstrations calling for the resignation of President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who ruled the country 33 of the year. Next month, speaking in Parliament, Saleh said on a number of concessions to his opponents, most of which were Huthis. The President rejected the intention to transfer power to his son, reduced the number of presidential terms to two consecutive, but he refused to resign. And this reluctance Saleh to heed opposition demands escalate the situation to the limit.

The confrontation escalated into a serious armed conflict. 3 June 2011 year during the shelling of the presidential palace in Sana'a injured himself President Abdullah Saleh, Prime Minister of the Government and Parliament Speaker. Saleh had no choice, but to flee the country. Once in Riyadh, He announced his resignation. In the presence of the then King Abdullah and Crown Prince Naif Al Saud, he handed over power to his associate and Vice President Mansour Hadi.

However, protests continued. And then my nerves have not sustained at Mudina Saleh, son of the former president of Yemen has. military units, He was in his command, They opened fire on demonstrators, spoke out against the new president Hadi, which did not allow time to lose. And Hadi began to take positions Huthis. Then again came to the forefront of Saleh Sr.. Relying on his experience and did not find anything better, it over to the Huthis, which has long fought desperately. Unexpectedly having caught an ally of the former enemy, Huthis, without delay, They moved to Sana'a and soon occupied the capital.

Hadi, a senior associate of the devotee, fled south, in the city of Aden (former capital PRSY), and thence to the CA. Huthis and armed units, subordinate new ally Saleh, You could take control of the whole of Yemen, but in this case, Riyadh was forced to go on a full-scale war, because he could not prevent the authorities in neighboring Yemen, a powerful group, directly linked to Tehran. Nevertheless Huthis power in large parts of the territory of the Yemeni dramatically changed the military-political situation. 26 February 2015 at the request of the fugitive president Mansour Hadi in Yemen to launch a military invasion of a number of Arab states led by CA.

Meanwhile, Saleh have finally quarreled with Huthis, with whom he fought for three years with the support of Iran against the incumbent president. And then he made a new pirouette, suggesting Riyadh world. Such deceit warlike mountaineers found, of course, treachery.

Saleh has deservedly earned the nickname Yemeni Machiavelli. But the last maneuver of the former president failed. Huthis declared him an enemy, but were unable to arrest. Then they ambushed. 4 December 2017 year car Yemeni Machiavelli, ensuing from Sana'a, shot from a grenade launcher. Still alive Saleh finished off a headshot. Bloodied body of the former president on a blanket carried through the streets of the capital. On the night 5 on 6 December buried Saleh in Sana'a. Then he was arrested and his son Mumin, whose fate until the end and has not clarified.

The boiling point of modern Arabia

The civil war in the Yemeni, began as a tribal and religious, It has developed into a regional, because in the confrontation involved Huthis allied with Iran, one side, and military units, slave "control the Yemeni" Hadi, in alliance with the SA and a number of Arab countries - the other. At the same time that a protracted war should be characterized as a social and - to Huthis joined poorest layers of different Yemeni tribes.

The strategic goal is to recreate Huthis in Yemen Zaidi imamate, otherwise talk, Shiite theocratic state-Zaidi, which existed in northern Yemen to 1962 of the year. For Sunni states, which are home to significant populations nesunnitskoy confessions, achieve Huthis can serve as inspiration and motivation to separatism. Sunni states see this as a serious threat. For example, in CA, According to various sources, from 15 to 20% population - Shiites. In Egypt, Coptic Christians make up 15% the population. Many Christians living in Jordan, and in Sudan.

XXI century and the tribal government

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In multibreeding not monoconfessional Yemen has never been easy. But after the intervention from abroad, this state has become another point of international tension in the Middle East. During the confrontation, killing more than vnutriyemenskom 10 thousands of people, and died of starvation and disease from 40 to 50 thousand. Even if in the long-suffering people of Syria humanitarian aid is delivered (a significant number of products, medicines and other essential items supplied by Russia), in Yemen, all the routes for humanitarian convoys blocked.

In terms of geopolitics, the weight of Yemen is determined by its location. The country controls the Arabian coast of Bab-el-Mandeb, through which a large part of European trade with Asia and Australia. undoubtedly, Huthis aware that, that in case of violation of international navigation, and especially oil transportation, world powers will be forced to intervene in the most direct way. Therefore hardly Huthis go all-in and block the Bab-el-Mandeb. Rights known Russian orientalist Paul Gusterin, who believes, Huthis that any barriers, "May disrupt transport through the strait, will not put ".

Samuel Ramani, Israeli journalist and also a doctoral candidate in international relations at St Antony's College at Oxford University, in the article "What we Huthis?», in the Jerusalem Post newspaper published in September last year,, It draws attention to the fact, that Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Speaking at the Center for Nuclear Studies of Shimon Peres in the Negev, "I said nothing about the destabilizing role of Iran in the situation in Yemen". According to Ramani, "Indifferent Israeli leader to the conflict in Yemen demonstrates his underestimation of the threat to Israel's security, posed by the situation in the country ". He believes Ramani, that "the Jewish state has the ability to turn his tactical anti-Iranian partnership with CA in an authentic alliance by low-cost (?! - ZG) military intervention ".

surprising, that aspiring scientist Samuel Ramani poses as a military strategist and a blue eye gives advice to the Government of Israel to intervene in the confrontation between Riyadh and Huthis on the side of the Saudis. Furthermore, PhD student Ramani, not limited generalities, so elaborates its proposals: "In a situation, when the conflict in Yemen has actually turned into a war of attrition, introduction to the game of the Israeli Air Force can be crucial for, to the scales tipped in the direction of the coalition Yemeni President Mansour Hadi ". Did doctoral Ramani seriously consider, that the involvement of aircraft at a distance of more than 2000 kilometers in the war with have a great experience group, Iranian-backed, It is a low-cost?

First of all, such intervention can be costly for Israel in all senses. Secondly, the Jewish state, one of the world's small-area, a lot of rabid enemies on the next frontiers. Thirdly, outright aid Saudis Jews, who see themselves at the head of the Muslim world, play against them. Although Ramani rights in, that "the ideology of the movement Huthis openly anti-Semitic, and the slogan "Death to Israel, curse the Jews "stands out prominently on their flag". There is no doubt the fact, that it is on the basis of anti-Semitism Huthis they agreed with the Lebanese Shiite "Hezbollah". Even at the end of March last year, the current husitsky leader Abdul Malik al-Husi vowed to fight with the terrorist group in a future war with Israel. It was he who sent a delegation to Lebanon, who met with the Secretary General of "Hezbollah" Hassan Nasrallah.

Ahmed Mohammed Al-Sayag in the thesis on the scientific degree of candidate of historical sciences "Union of North and South Yemen and the Yemeni-Russian relations (1960-2000's.)», protected in Moscow at the Russian University of Friendship of Peoples in 2010 year, He calls "the hallmark of Yemeni society, affect the development and results of the unification process tribal structure ", imparting "specificity as a social unit in Yemen, and its political and economic systems ". Considering, that "the most important feature of the tribe as a social community is its political independence, every family is a kind of a separate state, which are its constitution and its own laws ". sheikh, standing on top of the social ladder tribe, It is independent of the power of the state.

XXI century and the tribal government

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However, in our time the sheikhs often fall into the trap. The state in the twenty-first century can not be breeding. In a collision of nationalism with loyalty to the tribe wins nationalism. But in the Abrahamic religions, nationalism is secondary! At the forefront faith, more precisely confession. In one of the hadith - traditions of the words and actions of the Prophet Muhammad - said: "Truly, Allah will remove from you the tribal, national spirit, typical jahiliyyah (ignorance) and its characteristic is the custom to boast of their ancestors, and now people are separated by only devout Muslims or unfortunate sinners! All the people - the children of Adam, as Adam was created from the dust, so there is no advantage from an Arab over non-Arabs, except in piety ".

Huthis with the establishment of its independent tribal states strongly late. Even in the early 60-ies of the last century, the tribal chiefs, turned into generals or politicians, in creating odnoplemennyh states have failed. And examples abound. To give just two: very long (less than three years) Katanga has existed in the former Belgian Congo, proclaimed by the sad memory of Moise Tshombe, Lunda tribe leader. Nothing happened to the Republic of Biafra (He disappeared in three years), inhabited by the Igbo tribe, of which the territory of Nigeria attempted to isolate influential among his people Chukvuemeka Odumegvu Ojukwu and Philip Effiong. There is no chance to create a state Oromo in Ethiopia, and the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda not will reject this province in Angola. And Huthis, which do not have anyone to create tribal alliances, not build an independent state. Head-on clash with the CA, they fail to win. Yes, they are on it and will not go. The creation of tribal states definitely over.

It is possible to agree with Al-Sayag, who writes in his dissertation: "Yemen sees in the face of Russia's strategic partner, ally in the improvement of the system of regional international relations. Yemen says, that can not be solved without Russia, no problem in the Middle East, as Russian position has always been constructive and devoid of any imperial ambitions ".

Israeli Samuel Romani actually agreed with Al-Sayag, when, Speaking at the club "East view" 15 February 2019 of the year, He stressed: "Russia is ideal for parallel guide (with respect to the United Nations. - ZG) mediatory initiative in Yemen, because it is the only great power, which maintains close relations with all the major parties to the conflict ". And indeed, Moscow "continues to recognize the legitimacy of the government of Abd-Rabbo Mansour Hadi and, on the other hand, abstained from supporting the UN Security Council resolution 2216 in April 2015 of the year, in which Huthis were called "violators of peace". Moscow is ready to receive the representatives Huthis and "control the Yemeni" Hadi for diplomatic negotiations.

Special envoy Griffiths has failed to implement the agreement on the exchange of prisoners of war. Among 8000 prisoners, captured Huthis, - Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi, brother "control" Hadi, as well as former Defense Minister Mahmoud al-Subayhi. Considering, what 5 Martha 2017 year controlled Huthis Court in Sana'a sentenced in absentia left the country Hadi to death on charges of "inciting and helping aggressor State of Saudi Arabia and its allies", the fate of the prisoners Huthis optimism does not cause. Government forces held in captivity around 7500 prisoners Huthis, captured in the past four years of war. Both sides accuse each other of brutal torture. undoubtedly, Moscow, trusted and Huthis, and the Government of Hadi, supported by the Sunni world, It is fully capable of real impact to end bloodshed in Yemen.

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