History - the way from Adam to atom
For the "lawful" possession of nuclear weapons is the only condition required - to experience a nuclear warhead up to 1 January 1967 of the year. All, who missed, doomed to eternal discriminated against by the five "great powers".
Rules dictate the strongest. The aim of the collusion of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council was to prevent the loss of the benefits of possessing nuclear weapons.
USSR / Russia, USA, United Kingdom, France and China did not welcome new applications to join the "nuclear club". And do all, to make it as small as possible.
Efforts bring results. Instead 50 countries with nuclear weapons, According to early forecasts of the 60s., to date, there are only 9. tenth, South Africa, He was forced to destroy its arsenal of six bombs and leave the "nuclear club" in mid-90s.
Of all the participants of the "nuclear club" a truly massive and the most technologically advanced nuclear arsenals have only Russia and the US. For example, only Russia has such an exceptional complexity component of the strategic nuclear forces, as a system of prompt delivery of orders to submarines (woofer transmitter "Zeus").
With nuclear arsenals associated with the most ridiculous myths and legends. As you can see in the discussions, Many, even in general terms, does not represent all of the circumstances and restrictions on the use of such weapons. Basically, all matters of faith. It is for this reason, nuclear issues - a favorite tool in the hands of politicians and populist media.
This article - an attempt to systematize the facts and logical constructions, based on data from open sources. Written in simple and understandable language, to the widest possible audience.
problem number 1. Shoot only on military?
nuclear parity (mutually assured destruction) It does not allow to use nuclear weapons with impunity. The result of any action would be tantamount to answer with catastrophic consequences for both sides.
In an effort to avoid the most unfavorable scenario, with the destruction of infrastructure, the population and the state as such the leadership of both nations since the 60s. It is betting on a "limited use of nuclear weapons". Within the concept of the original sample exchange impacts should affect only military targets (base, arsenals, IDB position). With intention, that the enemy will determine the direction of flight and warheads, following the principle of reasonableness, will respond in the same manner.
Unlimited nuclear apocalypse is disadvantageous to anyone.
More interestingly, the technical limitations of the lead carriers the need to target them to different objects and does not apply at the same time.Why?
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The stumbling block in the "limited use of nuclear weapons" was the need to preserve part of its nuclear arsenal after the first attack, without loss of parity. In other words, do not let the enemy roost following a blow to the city - under the threat of imminent retaliation by his own civilian objects.
The result was a "Solomonic solution" and, probably, it remains so to this day.
For the first strike (on key military installations) preferred ICBMs.
The forces of the "second tier" are the submarine launched ballistic missiles (BRPL) - "killer cities". Their task - to survive the attack and to maintain nuclear parity after the war began. And if necessary - to enforce the order of grief.
This sequence is dictated by the limitations and disadvantages, makes it impossible to use a different sequence SLBMs.
Urgent application of naval SNF prevent the laws of nature. With boats there is no permanent connection.
Salt water - electrolyte, prevents the passage of radio waves. do not work under water or satellite phones, our GPS, nor any other funds on the usual frequencies.
The low-frequency signals of transmitters "Goliath" and "Antey" are accepted only in the surface layer. At working depths of SSBNs is still silence reigns.
300-transmitter meter mast “Antaeus” (43-second communication unit of the Russian Navy on the banks of the Belarusian)
ghostly lights “Goliath”. Captured German radio, established in 1943 g. to communicate with submarines Kriegsmarine. Umbrella antenna “Goliath” comprises 18 height of masts 170 to 210 m, it signals were received in most parts of the Atlantic Ocean, at depths of up to 30 m. It has been dismantled, secretly transported and assembled in the USSR. At present, still retains its strategic importance.
Previously applied aircraft transponders Tu-142MR towed antennas multikilometer not differ high operational stability, and their signals were not able to penetrate to great depths. Besides, hanging over a given square, they are "a disservice" submariners, giving the area of finding the submarine.
The most exotic method of combat control is the Zeus ultra-low-frequency transmitter.
30-kilometer "terminals" of this system are distinguishable on satellite maps of the Kola Peninsula. The role of the antenna itself performs the crust of the globe - signals "Zeus" accepted even in Antarctica.
Due to obvious technical difficulties and high energy transmitter can transmit only a limited amount of information. His lingering buzz is a set of very simple commands, for example, "to release the beacon to receive an urgent message". In the end, it all comes down to negotiations with the surface of the satellite, which creates additional risks and challenges for divers. Wherein, for receiving the "Zeus" messages also have to use boats towed antenna cyclopean dimensions.
The last negative factor is that, that the coordinates of the "Zeus" known enemy, and there is no guarantee, safer it will be in the first minutes of the war.
American counterpart was known as the "Navigator" (Clam Lake, Wisconsin) and was withdrawn from combat duty in the 90-ies. because of the low value of the combat system, had so many flaws.
In all cases, it is only about receiving messages from the shore. Any two-way communication from great depths is out of the question. Sonar communication is only possible with nearby ships.
Communicating with submarines is still unresolved scientific and technical problem. All existing methods of its own inadequate. Among the most realistic proposals - green laser spectrum, the most well it penetrates through the water. Installed on board the orbital station. However, at the moment is nothing more than science fiction.
In view of the above circumstances, the strategic purpose of the boat can not be a means of lightning response. The war for the divers start with a delay of several hours, when the appointed time they come to communicate and learn about what happened on the surface.
Next, start at least difficult part.
Unlike stationary ICBMs positions, the boat must reach the required depth, strictly maintaining speed, in the absence of the slightest roll and trim. And in seconds should compensate disturbances from the exposure start pulse 40-ton missile.
In contrast, independent of each other the protected silos on the banks of the submarine carried in her womb by 16 to 24 ballistic missiles, grouped into a single launch complex. In which all launchers are critically dependent on each other. Firing from an SSBN requires an impeccable sequence of actuation of numerous technical means, which in practice is rarely observed, and only under special conditions.
Malfunction in any silos result in automatic termination of firing missiles remaining. In simple terms, you can not miss the planned start from mine No. 3 on the left side, continuing firing according to plan. All submarine systems are designed to strict order of rockets exit. In the best case, you need to stop the run, stabilize the boat and recalculate data – new coordinates of starting points and calculations for stabilizing the submarine during firing.
As shown by the results of operations "Begemot" and "Begemot-2", salvo firing with full ammunition was successful only on the second attempt by the forces of a specially selected crew, trained for record shooting during the year.
This means one thing: "Regular" SSBN, not passed such a thorough technical readiness check, and crew driven, with typical training, would be unable to shoot its ammunition for a short time. Shooting will take place in short bursts, several rockets. How long the whole process can take - one can only guess about it.
This is neither good nor bad. This is a given. And the military leadership needs to proceed from these conditions.
In this case, the main question, of course, in the absence of constant communication with submarines.
Naval strategic nuclear forces have disproportionately combat resistance, surpassing this important parameter of any other medium YAO. But for use in any given moment, they are not ready.
This task - ICBM complexes, located in mines and on mobile ground carriers.
Due to the obvious increased vulnerability of these tools, they must be released first..
In addition to faster response times and relative low cost (against the background of sea strategic nuclear forces), silo-based heavy ICBMs have a couple of other advantages. At first, they have a higher throw weight. In practice, this means a larger number of warheads and / or an expanded composition of means to overcome missile defense.
Secondly, until recently, starting from a stationary installation provided a smaller circular probable deviation from the target (HUH), simply put, better accuracy. For obvious reasons,. Launch point and target coordinates are unchanged. Polaris - the fateful star of humanity, still shines from one point in the sky.
Given the above circumstances, mine ICBMs are the best suited for delivering high-precision strikes against military targets in the first minutes of the war.
All pieces of the puzzle about the separate use of nuclear weapons (against military / civil) formed into a single, whole picture. Now I ask for your comments..
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If the venerable public desires even more creepy and nasty facts about nuclear arsenals, then the author is ready to fulfill this desire. How do you like this dilemma: shooting of non-participating states, who remain neutral in the conflict of nuclear superpowers?
WHAT FOR??? Well, of course ...
Such things, for obvious reasons, not discussed at the official level, but there is a hypothesis. According to which part of the missile is not the ocean, and on a completely different path. And they hit important targets on the territory of a neutral state, which are considered to be quite developed, to be able to rise on the rubble of the fallen superpowers.
For those, who still hasn't grasped the meaning: to exclude "dancing on the bones". With this calculation, that even in a half-defeated state, the two main instigators would retain their military superiority over the rest of the world.
I agree, fierce hypothesis. but, to my own horror, it contains a certain practical meaning. Provided there is an obvious absence of a deficit in nuclear weapons.
again, this is just a guess. The same, as well as the more popular legend of the "Dead Hand".
With the "hand" everything is clear without much reasoning. Fairy tale for adults.
A supercomputer slumbers deep underground, which, in the event of the death of all responsible persons, will decide on a retaliatory strike.
The tale is refuted by a simple question: if the explosion destroys all living, causing the bunker to collapse, how scared a computer should survive?
Or the enemy will selectively attack the bunkers of the Strategic Missile Forces, Besides, which contains the components of the "Dead Hand" / "Perimeter" / "Doomsday Machine"?
If the bunker remains on duty shift and the necessary equipment to transmit the order to the rocket launchers, then what is the value of "Perimeter"? Officers have a set of clear instructions for any occasion.
All, what is described as "Perimeter" (supercomputer, apocalypse machine) refers to the backup communication system 15E601 (American analog AN / DRC-8) as ICBMs mounted in its head portion of the transmitter, TN. missile command. You guessed it, its signal Dolny take all RVSN units in the country, hear all – except for submariners.
again, 15E601 complex is just a means for transmitting the final order, duplicative links. Order to launch a missile command is given to the people.
All, who remained dissatisfied with these arguments, can satisfy their fantasies of killer machines watching "Terminator".
As for the other horror stories, US missile defense system, the summary of such: on the state of the art, as in the short term, none of the parties will not have the means to repel a massive missile attack.
Epilogue
The probability of nuclear war is zero point, zero-tenths.
And that's why.
Nuclear weapons as a real weapon greatly discounted the presence of such weapons as the enemy. In such circumstances, it becomes a ceremonial, status, but it is impractical means, "Dead asset". YAO eliminates the threat posed by nuclear arsenals enemy, but it does not provide protection against other military and foreign threats.
Have access to the "red button" do not share the naive optimism willing to "bang, the whole world into dust ". They will choose the "tomato war", find any excuse, and "change of notation on the go". tell, that territory for a long time wanted to give, thus restoring historical justice. In the event of a threat is too great reputation losses can convince all, that there is no conflict and was not at all.
All the above is confirmed by history. For the other options should contact the fiction section.
In conclusion, it is worth noting, that popular opinion was not necessary in other types of weapons (modern armored vehicles, aircraft, vehicles and precision weapons) totally wrong. To protect the political and economic interests in the first place required non-nuclear means. Because, in contrast to the status of nuclear weapons, in practice, there is always the need to use conventional weapons.
Oleg Kaptsov
Published: lentok Source
