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Truth and myths about the war in Yugoslavia

Truth and myths about the war in Yugoslavia

The events in the Balkans once again clearly demonstrated the impotence of the UN peacekeeping force. photo: Reuters

As is known, World War I, which destroyed European civilization, It began in the Balkans, the territory had not yet existed, and now-defunct Yugoslavia. And Russia has got in this deadly war for her sake Serbia rescue. As a result, Russia was among the losers, and Serbia - among winners. As a reward for winning the Serbs were given a huge piece of the fallen Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, better known as Yugoslavia.

Educated in the highly artificial. Croats, Slovenes and Bosnian Muslims (while ethnic Serbs) live under Serb authority (by which is meant in this case orthodox Serb) no hotels. This is very clearly manifested during the Second World, is in Yugoslavia turned into civil war, unique in its cruelty. Suffice it to say, Croats, who fought on the side of Hitler, demonstrated such atrocities against Serbs, that they even pulls out of Berlin, recommending to be softer.

After World War II, Yugoslavia became a socialist, with the anti-Soviet. Croatian Jew who led the country Josip Broz Tito was holding the steering wheel with an iron fist. After his death in 1980 , the country became apparent tendency to decay, which have increased dramatically since the beginning of the Soviet perestroika. Croatia and Slovenia were in favor of a confederation, Serbia, which in 1987 he became head of Slobodan Milosevic, It was categorically against.

Albanian armed actions against the Serbs in Kosovo and began. For his part, Milosevic strongly cultivated and warmed radical Serbian nationalism.

Slovenia and Croatia

25 June 1991 , Croatia and Slovenia, where the communists have lost and lost power in parliamentary elections, and the population in a referendum voted in favor of secession from Yugoslavia, synchronously declared their independence. In response 170,000th Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), which by this time was the mostly Serbian (or Serbo-Montenegrin), launched military operations against these republics. Directly in Slovenia and Croatia, the JNA had 35 thousand. human.

Immediately after the start of operations of the army fled still remaining in its ranks Slovenes, Croats and Bosniaks. But the forces of the territorial defense of Slovenia, quite legally existed since the days of Tito, is preparing for a guerrilla war against the NATO, and against the Warsaw Pact, We began to exert strong resistance from the JNA, What really helped forested mountainous terrain and actual monoethnicity Republic (95% its population were Slovenes). Besides, of all the republics of the former state borders only Slovenia with Croatia, because of what the Yugoslav (Serbian) Army lost rear. Therefore, even 4 Yugoslav troops in July due to the impossibility of continuing operations left Slovenia, lost all 35 people killed. Republic won the war with virtually no blood, First, get real independence. It was captured more 300 JNA armored vehicles, Most - in full combat readiness. In particular, Slovenes got 60 tanks M-84 (Yugoslav variant T-72), of which 54 It became part of the Slovenian Army. Slovenes loss amounted to only 19 people killed.

In Croatia, so just did not work. At first, there lived 600 thousand. Serbs. Secondly, if between the Slovenes and Serbs relations were even without love, but calm, between Croats and Serbs to preserve the memory of the war, then there is a strong mutual hatred (in the days of socialist Yugoslavia, she splashed in the form of brutal massacres of Serbian football fans, "Red Star" and "Partizan" against Croatian "Dynamo" and "Hajduk").

Truth and myths about the war in Yugoslavia

The expert said the maneuver of the Russian Su-27 with the F-15 intercept NATO

Despite a significant military superiority of the Serbs, they acted extremely inefficient. Croats in September captured almost all Serbian garrisons in the territory of the republic, and together with the arms and equipment: to 500 armored vehicles, including more than 200 tanks (of which approximately 24 M-84), no less 800 guns, mortars and multiple launch rocket systems (RSZO), more 200 antiaircraft self-propelled units (MAT) and anti-aircraft guns. Besides, it was a factory in Croatia, where M-84 produced, there Croats captured another 60 Tanks of this type, were in various stages of readiness (part was put into operation after the war). The remnants of the JNA moved in groups of Serbian Krajina, Region of Croatia with a majority Serb population.

Only after that the Serbs counterattacked. However, his success was hard to call. Two months they could not take the city of Vukovar, that is because of this has been called "Croatian Stalingrad". JNA has made all the mistakes, which were only possible (lack of cover for infantry, tanks, and generally any interaction between the armed services and the armed forces views, extremely primitive tactics, etc.. etc.) and suffered huge losses (no less 1,1 thousand. people killed, to 200 armored vehicles, including 50 tanks). Downed - MPADS essentially of "Arrow 2" - at least five Serb MIG-21 attack aircraft and a similar number of "Galeb" and "Super Galeb". Croats, because of the almost complete lack of combat aircraft used in combat selhozaviatsii. December 1991 the Serbian air defense system "Square" brought down the Croatian "corncob" An-2. However, several pilots Croats deserted from the JNA air force, along with the MiG-21 aircraft, giving rise to the existence of the Croatian Air Force. Croatian army lost in these battles 45 tanks (including up to 12 M-84), 22 BMP and BTR, and 55 artsistem.

After the fall of Vukovar in late November, the Serbs could theoretically attack on Zagreb. However, the West, already recognized the independence of both Slovenia, and Croatia, He demanded to stop offensive. spring 1992 , the Security Council adopted a resolution to send UN troops to Croatia. Serb troops from Serbia had to withdraw. However, in reality they were not withdrawn, and converted in the sun Serbian Krajina (this army officially called the police), that, in particular, got 303 tanka, including 31 M-84). In general, the Serbs held a war very badly and suffered in her apparent defeat.

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

However, the war immediately spilled over into Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiG). In this country 44% of the population were Muslims (as stated above, they were ethnic Serbs, but the most important for them was religion, rather than ethnicity), 32% - Serbia proper (Orthodox), 24% - Croatia. In February 1992 year, a referendum was held here, where Muslims and Croats voted for independence. The Serbs boycotted the referendum. Immediately after that, armed clashes between Muslims and Serbs began in the capital Sarajevo. Already in the beginning of April, the United States and the European Union recognized the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina within its existing borders, and with the leader of the Muslim Alija Izetbegovic as president (although him to the post no one elected). Local Serbs immediately declared the Republika Srpska (it was headed by Radovan Karadzic), and then began the siege of Sarajevo. On the other hand, Muslims, Example Croat, Beginning sediment harnyzonov JNA. In May, an agreement was signed for the complete withdrawal of JNA units from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Yet again, as well as in Croatia, Serbian part of BiH troops are gone, transforming in the sun of the Republika Srpska. This army had at its disposal almost 300 tanks (including 73 M-84), more 250 BMP and BTR, more 1,5 thousand. various artillery systems, to 30 airplanes and helicopters, so much higher than the forces of Croats and Muslims, together. Nevertheless, the victory did not bring it to them.

Truth and myths about the war in Yugoslavia

Marshal Josip Broz Tito speaks
in the liberation of Belgrade. A photo 1944 of the year

Continuation of the Serb siege of Sarajevo, led to the introduction of full-scale sanctions against Yugoslavia. At the same time the Croats have decided to support the Bosnian Muslims against the common enemy, i.e, naturally, Serbs. On the territory of BiH unfolded large-scale battles with the use of armored vehicles and aircraft. Interesting, that the Serbian Air Force successfully used missiles "air-surface" the AGM-65B "Maverick", derived from the United States in the 1970s, when Yugoslavia considered a potential enemy rather the Warsaw Pact, What NATO. Serb lost from ground attack aircraft defense according to one J-22 "ORAO" and J-21 "Hawk", Croatia - One of the MiG-21bis (these aircraft were purchased by them in Ukraine or deported from the Air Force JNA).

Truth and myths about the war in Yugoslavia

Trump called the condition for the withdrawal of US military from Afghanistan

3 July Croats in Bosnia-Herzegovina proclaimed their own republic of Herceg-Bosna (it was headed by Mate Boban), that Muslims are perceived as a stab in the back, and the West - as a violation of the Convention. Croatian President Franjo Tudjman was forced to withdraw its troops from BiH, whereby the Serbs seized the initiative.

Even in February 1992 on the territory of BiH there are 14-strong UN, from which, in full compliance with the traditions of the organization had no sense. In July, appeared in the Adriatic, NATO ships, and then transport aviation alliance organized the "air bridge" in besieged Sarajevo. At the same time, along with humanitarian aid began to carry weapons for Muslims. Serbs about it, of course, quickly learned. 3 September 1992 , they brought down from MANPADS Italian freighter G-222, All four crew members were killed. After that, the Europeans refused to immediately fly to Sarajevo, This is now done only Anglo-Saxons (Americans, English, Canadians). Since October, all airspace BiH UN Security Council declared a no-fly zone for all the warring parties.

At the beginning 1993 Year Izetbegovic, Karadzic and Boban under American mediation attempted to negotiate the future of BiH, but unsuccessfully. The war lasted, and now the war all against all (then there is also the Croats against Muslims). NATO aircraft to patrol the skies Republic, while for 1993 year have been lost (officially - from accidents) American fighter F-16C carrier-based aircraft and AWACS E-2C, French fighter "Mirage 2000C". A Serbian SAM "Square" in September shot down over Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatian MiG-21. At the same time, the United Nations declared "security zones" Sarajevo and the Muslim enclaves in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina - Goradzhe, Tuzla, pocket, Srebrenica, Bihar.

ALLIANCE ENTERS DEAL

At the beginning 1994 , NATO has decided to maintain the no-fly zone in earnest. Besides, Air Alliance had to ensure the safety of United Nations troops and their protected cities. For this very solid aviation group was created, placed on the ground in Italy, Britain and France.

The US has provided for her 12 A-10 attack aircraft, 8 Fighter-bombers and F-15E 12 F-16C, 24 F / A-18 fighter deck (by 12 machinery modifications «C» and «D»), 2 strike aircraft ("Ganšipa") AS-130, 6 deck aircraft electronic warfare EA-6B, 5 zapravŝikov KS-10.

UK - 6 interceptor "Tornado» F3, 18 "Harrier" fighter (6 FRS1, 12 GR7), 2 transport aircraft L-1011D, 2 DRLO aircraft E-3D.

Truth and myths about the war in Yugoslavia

Slobodan Milosevic was unable to leave
prison in The Hague, paying for their
errors in full. Photos from the site www.icty.org

France - 10 Fighter-bombers "Mirage 2000" (6 FROM, 4 D) and 8 «Mirage» F1 (5 CR, 3 CT), 6 deck bomber "Super Etendard", 1 plane DRLO E-3F, 1 Transport C-135, 1 RЭB plane "Falcon-20».

Germany - 14 scouts "Tornado» ECR.

Italy - 8 "Tornado" bombers, 6 AMX fighter-bombers, 1 transport aircraft C-130, 4 G-222, 1 Boeing-707.

Netherlands - 12 fighter F-16A, 2 transport F-27 and 1 C-130.

Norway - 2 transport P-130.

Spain - 8 fighter F-18A, 1 Transport C-212, 2 zapravŝika KS-130.

Turkey - 8 fighter F-16C.

Subsequently, the composition of groups has changed and expanded. For guidance on aviation goals in BiH was abandoned British special forces (SAS).

5 February is very "way" exploded mortar shell on the marketplace in Sarajevo, killing 68 human. Without any investigation has been the explosion was attributed to Serbs, who immediately got an ultimatum to withdraw troops 20 km from. So a quarter-century ago, the civil war in Yugoslavia, grew in the first war between Serbs and NATO.

Preparing for strikes against the Serbs, NATO aircraft in five days has lost two aircraft (Both the US): carrier-based fighter F-14 collided with its F / A-18 and crashed into the sea, then the F-16C for unknown reasons crashed in Slovenia.

Truth and myths about the war in Yugoslavia

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs established a 60-day period called for the INF Treaty, the US game

28 February saw the first and the last air battle in this war, to be exact - beating. American aircraft AWACS E-3A found 6 Serb J-21 attack aircraft "Hawk", attacked a munitions factory, kontrolyrovavshyysya Muslims. They were hovering a couple of F-16C USAF. For older US fighters, primitive Yugoslav planes were just air targets. As a result, four "hawks" were shot down, fifth crashed himself, dodge, only one returned to the airport.

it, but, Serbs did not prevent develop ground offensive. In April NATO aircraft starts to strike land troops Serb, nastupavshyh on Horadzhe. However, they are initially applied from a great height, so we do not bring any results. As soon as the attack began to be made with lower altitudes, Serbian defense began to work. 15 April was hit from MANPADS, but I was able to hang on to his French aircraft carrier deck scout "Etendard". The next day, a Serbian SAM "Square" brought down the British carrier-based fighter, "Sea Harrier» FRS1. After that, NATO aircraft again went to great heights, due to which the effectiveness of strikes again declined to almost zero. Уничтожение в сентябре силами двух английских штурмовиков «Ягуар» и одного американского штурмовика А-10 единственного старого сербского танка Т-55 было расценено натовским командованием как серьезный успех.

In November 1994 года сербы захватили Бихач, безопасность которого как бы гарантировалась ООН. Авиация НАТО нанесла удар по основной базе сербских ВВС Удбина (находилась на территории Сербской Краины в Хорватии), однако полностью вывести из строя ее не удалось. В ответ на это сербы взяли в заложники 300 (!) французских военнослужащих из состава контингента ООН, после чего бомбардировки на несколько месяцев прекратились.

Возобновились они лишь в мае 1995 of the year. Натовцы начали интенсивные бомбардировки позиций сербов в районе Сараево. 2 июня сербский «Квадрат» сбил американский F-16С, причем это был один из участников избиения «Ястребов» 28 February 1994 of the year. However, US special forces rescued the pilot, which was seen as a triumph in the US. Month earlier VOP Serb hit Croatian Mig-21, while the pilot was killed, which 1991 It was the first deserter of the Yugoslav Air Force.

In July, the Serbs captured the "safe" Srebrenica, stage a massacre of the male Muslim population. Dutch peacekeepers, located in the city, даже не попытались вмешаться в происходящее. Across 10 лет после тех событий отставной голландский капитан Хенрик ван дер Ваах сказал следующее: «Долг офицера заключается в том, чтобы отказаться от неоправданного риска и сохранить жизни подчиненных. У нас не было такого приказа – умирать, спасая мусульман или кого бы то ни было. The Dutch government has recognized its responsibility and resigned, but, trust me, no politician of our country did not dare to give such an order, потому что впоследствии ему пришлось бы давать отчет семьям погибших».

of course, кто-то увидит в этом восхитительный европейский гуманизм, но на самом деле здесь имеет место полная моральная деградация. Так называемые военные считали необходимым спасать собственные шкуры вместо защиты мирных жителей, Although it was originally a minimum imputed to them direct responsibility, and at best they had to consider it also a moral duty. This fact, coupled with the aforementioned surrender 300 French had already demonstrated, that European military are such in name only. They go into the army only for the sake of getting money, and in the event of war, their only task - to save his own skin. За прошедшие с тех пор почти четверть века этому получена масса новых подтверждений, но почему-то почти никто этого до сих пор не понял.

НАЧИНАЕТСЯ «БУРЯ»

4 August 1995 Croatia, Sun launched "Operation Storm" to eliminate the Serbian Krajina. The operation was coordinated with NATO, UN peacekeepers simply made aware at the last moment. В планировании операции участвовала американская ЧВК MPRI. Besides, хорватской армии помогали формирования боснийских хорватов и мусульман. Все они «европейскими ценностями» ушиблены еще не были, поэтому гуманизмом не страдали.

Хорваты имели над сербами значительное превосходство в численности личного состава и в авиации, но по бронетехнике и артиллерии, conversely, преимущество было на стороне сербов. В первый день сербы оборонялись достаточно успешно, но начавшаяся эвакуация мирного населения из основных городов Сербской Краины привела к массовому дезертирству военнослужащих, которые бросились помогать своим семьям. Already 5 августа хорваты разрезали оборону сербов на несколько частей. Дополнительной проблемой для сербов было то, что их оборона не имела глубины (территория Сербской Краины представляла собой узкую полосу).

Truth and myths about the war in Yugoslavia

NATO pilots hand over nerves: Korochenko the interception of the Su-27 aircraft of the Alliance

TO 9 августа все было закончено. Вся территория Хорватии перешла под контроль Загреба. Потери хорватской армии составили всего около 200 human. Сербов (military and civilian) killed about 2 thousand., more 200 thousand. became refugees, была потеряна большая часть техники армии Сербской Краины (including 15 tanks M-84). In fact, there was ethnic cleansing, but only a few individual politicians from the West verbally condemned the Croats. However, much more interesting was the behavior of the Serbian leader Milosevic. He did not lift a finger to save compatriots, although had to do it legally and morally. Furthermore, as it turned out, накануне «Бури» Милошевич лично обещал американцам, что не будет мешать разгрому Сербской Краины.

«Буря» стала сильнейшим ударом и по позициям боснийских сербов, хотя здесь война продолжалась (уцелевшие остатки армии Сербской Краины влились в состав армии Республики Сербской). В августе сербская ПВО сбила два американских боевых беспилотника «Предейтор». Но теперь НАТО решило добить сербов окончательно, тем более что в Сараево вновь взорвалась «очень своевременная мина», ubiv 37 human.

29–30 августа авиация НАТО провела самую масштабную в ходе этой войны операцию по подавлению ПВО боснийских сербов. Широко использовались самолеты РЭБ, противорадиолокационные ракеты и даже крылатые ракеты «Томагавк» с кораблей в Адриатике. В итоге «большая» ПВО сербов была подавлена полностью. Подавить маловысотные средства было затруднительно, so 30 августа из ПЗРК «Стрела-2» был сбит французский бомбардировщик (изначально создававшийся для нанесения ядерных ударов) «Мираж-2000N», оба пилота попали в плен. После этого натовцы опять перешли на удары с больших высот, из-за чего сухопутные войска сербов пострадали гораздо меньше, чем ПВО.

Nevertheless 15 September 1995 года боевые действия были прекращены. В ноябре на американской авиабазе Райт-Паттерсон (город Дейтон, Ohio) были парафированы, а затем в декабре подписаны президентами Югославии – Милошевичем, Хорватии – Туджманом и БиГ – Изетбеговичем соглашения о разделе БиГ, известные как Дейтонские. Соглашения эти действуют до сих пор, хотя государство, разделенное на мусульманско-хорватскую и сербскую части фактически недееспособно. Каждая из частей БиГ получила право иметь собственную армию (at 2006 году эти армии были объединены в одну – но лишь формально), при этом значительное количество имевшейся у них техники должно было уничтожаться. Поэтому Сербская Краина вернула определенное количество бронетехники и артиллерии в Сербию, чтобы вывести ее из-под уничтожения.

Всего в ходе гражданской войны в Хорватии и БиГ погибло не менее 200 thousand. human, to 2 млн стали беженцами.

Потери авиации НАТО в ходе войны в БиГ составили: 4 F-16C, 1 F-14B, 1 F/А-18С, 2 «Си Харриера», 1 «Ягуар», 2 «Миража-2000» (по одному модификаций «N» и «С»), 1 Е-2С, 1 G-222, 1 вертолет «Линкс» и 2 беспилотника «Предейтор». Из этого количества было сбито ПВО боснийских сербов, as stated above, 1 F-16C, 1 «Си Харриер», 1 «Мираж-2000N», 1 G-222, 2 «Предейтора». Остальные считаются потерянными по техническим причинам. Besides, сербы сбили 2 хорватских МиГ-21 и 1 Mi-8 helicopter. Их собственные потери в авиации составили 8 stormtroopers: 2 J-22 «Орао», 6 J-21 «Ястреб».

Стороны в ходе войны совершили друг против друга массу тяжких преступлений на этнической почве, но виновными во всем были назначены исключительно сербы. Они потерпели тяжелое военное и политическое поражение. Особую ответственность за это, certainly, несет Слободан Милошевич. Именно он в конце 80-х годов раздувал сербский национализм, without making any compromises with the republics of the then united country. That he then pulled the Serbs in hopeless war, that one by one they were played. And he 1995 году откровенно продал Западу сначала хорватских, а затем боснийских сербов, за что вскоре и поплатился. But that's another story.

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