Experts believe submarines type "C", they are the same "average", they "Stalinets" (generic name for the series built boats) - best Soviet submarines of World War II. For the Soviet Navy was built 41 this boat of two series - IX, IX-bis. The construction of submarines was carried out with 1936 by 1948 year. The basis for all series of boats served as the project, which was developed by order of the Soviet side, German-Dutch Design «IVS» Bureau. When the war was put into operation 17 subs of this type, yet 17 It joined the fleet in the years of war, and more 7, afloat for 22 June 1941 of the year, put into operation after the completion of the Great Patriotic.
AT 1932 , a group of Soviet submarine experts arrived in The Hague, their goal was to visit the «IVS» Design Bureau. This design office located in Holland, but belonged known German engineering concern "Deschimag" and was almost fully staffed highly skilled professionals-Germans, with extensive experience in design and construction of submarines in the First World War. The main purpose of this was to preserve the valuable human resources for Germany at that time, While the country was forbidden to create their own submarine force under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
At the time of visit to the company by the Soviet delegation Design Bureau has already managed to make themselves successful projects submarines to Finland, Japan and Spain. boat project for Spain, "E1" are interested in the Soviet side, and carried out with the Soviet delegation tests confirmed the presence in Cartagena characteristics of the boat and made a good impression.
In April 1933 an agreement was signed for the design of a new submarine for the USSR on the basis of the Spanish "E1", but under the Soviet armaments and mechanisms. Development was designated "E2" and was carried out in Bremen, with the participation of a number of Soviet specialists. In January 1934 the project of the new boat was presented to the leadership of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry and the command of the Soviet Navy.
Technical design of the future submarine was approved and adopted by the tab for the Soviet fleet large series. Project number assigned IX and the letter of "H" (German), later replaced by the "C" (medium, which gradually transformed and "Stalinets" according to the accepted fashion to call military equipment samples in honor of the country and the party leaders). Working drawings boats, who endorse the employees of the company "Deschimag", It was completed at the beginning of 1935 of the year.
C-1 at the sea trials. Nasal instrument is not installed, but clearly visible in front of his fence felling
Construction of the first three boats Series IX was conducted at the Baltic Shipyard, Data boats equipped with imported equipment and machinery. During the construction and operation of the first two boats were identified deficiencies: shortage 0,5 knots surface speed design speed, periscope vibration at full speed, frequent seizure of the pistons of diesel engines and other observations. It also became evident, that build a large series of ships per unit of foreign equipment could not be, since it was impossible to ensure its timely delivery. So on a submarine Series IX-3 diesel engines of the German company MAN and other technical equipment were received late in almost two years. In this connection it was made clear and absolutely the right decision to redraft the submarine IX series, eliminate all weaknesses and replacing foreign equipment to the Soviet.
Just so was born the project of the submarine IX-bis series. It became the largest mass, it was completed 38 ships, construction and commissioning of the fleet which was delayed for many years due to the outbreak of war. The greatest changes in the project underwent a diesel power plant. Especially for boats under the direction of H. M. Urvantseva at the Kolomna Plant has developed a new eight-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine irreversible 1D, diesel power remained the same 2000 HP (at 470 rpm), remained unchanged and speed characteristics "Esok".
At the same time, the installation of new engines require an increase in the exhaust pipe diameter 360 to 420 mm and rework oil, water, air, and fuel systems. Besides this change also affected the design of cutting: shields, which are closed with a 100 mm cannon, prevented the artillery calculation, so of them, it was decided to refuse. At the same time in three boats IX Series enclosure has also been dismantled. Carried out design changes were successful, as they allowed to maintain the basic performance characteristics of the boat, solving a number of problems.
Architecture submarines Series IX and IX-bis were polutorakorpusnymi submarines mixed construction, whose pressure hull was riveted, and easy - welded. During serial production boats increased volume of welded structures. Since boat C-21, production of durable hull also performed on this technology. Design hull boats characterized by a high level of workability, primarily by eliminating the separation of joints and grooves and work to simplify the form of conical and cylindrical sections. Robust logging boat had an oval shape, whereby its width decreased and the water resistance while moving in a submerged position. Over rugged boats rose permeable (that is filled by seawater) superstructure.
The boat was divided into seven compartments, three of which were bays, shelters, They are separated by special spherical watertight bulkheads, which were designed to pressure 10 atmospheres. Such a housing arrangement in the Soviet Navy has been applied for the first time. From bow to stern of the boat compartments were as follows: first compartment refuge: torpedo, living quarters for enlisted personnel; the second compartment: accumulator, 62 element bow Group of batteries, accommodation of officers and the commander of the boat cabin; a third compartment refuge: central post, over the bay was conning tower, and fence sliding devices; the fourth section: accumulator, 62 feed element group batteries, housing for elders; fifth compartment: diesel; sixth compartment: Electromotive; seventh compartment of refuge: torpedo, living quarters for enlisted personnel.
Statewide submarine type "C" consisted of 45 human: 8 officers, 16 officers and 21 Private. Later, in the years of the war on some submarines crew size it was increased by another 1-2 man. This was due to the need for additional acoustic and radio operators.
The power plant diesel-electric submarines of the type "Stalinets" consisted of two stroke diesel engines of the type of surface 1D production Kolomna Plant, develops power 2000 HP. and two electric motors each type PG-72/35 capacity 550 HP. at 275 rpm. Also on board there 124 cell batteries, divided into two groups. Boating Series IX were German diesels MAN M6V 49/48 the same power and rechargeable batteries 124 type elements 38 MAK-760, which produced the German company AFA.
Boats were sufficiently powerful torpedo-gun armament. Each submarine had six 533-mm torpedo tubes (four bow and two stern), supply of torpedoes was 12 pcs, thus all six of spare torpedoes were in the forward torpedo room. Armament submarines were powerful enough and consisted of a 100-mm gun D-24PL, located on the deck in front of the fence and sliding devices 45 mm semiautomatic guns 21-K, located on the superstructure cabin, Also on board were two manual 7.62 mm machine gun. During the war, some of the boats instead of 45-mm gun was mounted 12.7-mm large-caliber anti-aircraft machine gun DSK.
Compared with "Pike" Boat type "Stalinets" represents a quantum leap forward. They fully meet the task, which was performed by the Office of Naval Forces of the Red Army after the construction of the first series of Soviet submarines and was aimed at eliminating the backlog in submarine shipbuilding of advanced countries in the world. Boat type "C" have better habitability, which provides spacious compartments and rational arrangement of equipment and machinery. The rate of surface speed was considered a huge - about 19,5 knots, which it was achieved through the use of two powerful diesel engines for 2000 HP.
maneuvering characteristics submarines type "C" were considered quite satisfactory throughout the entire period of their operation. Developing full speed, on the surface, the boat made a U-turn 180 degrees in about three minutes. The circulation diameter was 1,7 cable's length. In economic mode, the same maneuver could be performed in four minutes.. Under water, the boat made a U-turn 180 degrees in nine minutes at 6-knot speed and beyond 12 minutes at 3-knot speed. In this case, the circulation diameter was 5 and 5,6 cable, respectively. The transition time from the cruising position to the positional position was for type "C" boats 25 seconds, from positional to combat - 15-20 seconds, from cruising position to combat position - 48-50 seconds.
The boats were planned to be built in three series. The first three boats of the IX series were built in 1934-1938 years. Then it was laid 41 boat IX-bis series, of which was completed 38 boats, their construction was carried out with 1936 by 1948 year. The construction of boats for the IX-bis project was delayed due to the overall complexity of the project. The main problems were related to obtaining the necessary diesel engines, that is why a batch was ordered to load shipyards in the USSR submarines of the "Pike" type X-bis series. Yet 18 submarines were built all-welded according to the modified project of the XVI series, however, by the beginning of World War II, all of them were only in the early stages of construction, therefore, none of the boats in this series was completed.
In total entered service 41 boat type "C", of them by the beginning of the war was included in the fleet 17 ships, yet 17 completed already during the war, and more 7 boats, afloat to 22 June 1941 of the year, completed after the end of hostilities. Tragic fate of all the first three boats formed C-1, C-2 and C-3, belonging to the Series IX. Marine C-2 has hit a mine during the Soviet-Finnish War in January 1940 of the year, and the remaining two boats at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War were being repaired in Liepaja. Marine C-1 did not have a stroke and was detonated by the crew during the withdrawal from. Submarine C-3 passed average repair. The submarine could not dive and do not develop more speed 5 knots, Despite this, she tried to break from Liepaja on the night 23 on 24 June. At sea she was discovered and sunk by German torpedo boats.. At the same time, she had on board the crew of the S-1 boat and a certain number of workers of the Tosmare shipyard., only about 100 human. Of these, German torpedo boats only lifted about 20 survivors.
In this way, directly in the hostilities and campaigns of the Great Patriotic War only submarines of the "C" type IX-bis series took part. During the war, "Stalinists" were sunk in the Northern Fleet 12 transports and battle ships of the enemy and knocked out two more. "Eski" of the Baltic Fleet were able to destroy nine transport and combat ships of the enemy and seriously damage four more ships with torpedoes. Two more small transport was sunk by artillery weapons Baltic submarines.
In the Black Sea boats results were much more modest: two landing ships and a self-propelled barge, another ship was sunk by artillery. The amphibious and anti-submarine ships were damaged by torpedoes. During the war years died 13 Soviet type "C" boats of the IX-bis series: two in the North, 9 - in the Baltic, two - on the Black Sea. In this way, the greatest losses were suffered by the Baltic fleet, where only one boat survived the war, it was lost 90 % ships of this type, two out of four submarines were sunk on the Black Sea. The smallest losses were in the Northern Fleet, who lost two boats or less 17 % from the available composition of these vessels.
Submarine S-51 Series IX-bis
During the Great Patriotic War "Eski" drowned 27 enemy ships and damaged more 8. Total - 2,7 Transport and warships on one of those killed in the fighting boat. This is one of the best results, which is close to that of, which reached submariners Kriegsmarine - 4,41 Transport and warships sunk by a German submarine on. It is worth noting, that Soviet submariners operated in immeasurably more difficult conditions, than german, especially in the first half of the war, including in the Baltic, which for submarines with an underwater displacement of more 1000 tons was still too small and, in addition, was packed with thousands of contact and non-contact mines.
The powerful artillery weapons of the "Stalinists" made it possible to use it not only for sinking enemy ships, but also for shelling coastal objects. For example, in October 1941 of the year, the S-7 boat carried out shelling of Finnish railway stations, and on the Black Sea in October of the same year, the S-31 submarine was involved in artillery shelling of German infantry positions near Perekop. Perfect in 1943 year transition from one theater of military operations to another (from the Pacific Fleet to the Northern Fleet) demonstrated excellent adaptability of type "C" boats for ocean trips and operations on the high seas. During the stay of the Pacific "Esok" in Dutch Harbor, American sailors were surprised by their high tactical and technical characteristics..
It should be noted, that the famous Soviet submariners Grigory Shchedrin and Alexander Marinesco. In one campaign, the latter sank two large German transports at once in the Baltic. 30 January, his submarine C-13 conducted the "attack of the century", having sent to the bottom the transport "Wilhelm Gustloff" with a displacement of more 25 thousand tons, a 10 February Marinesko sank the transport General Steuben with a displacement of about 15 thousand tons. In terms of the sunk tonnage, Alexander Marinesko became the most productive Soviet submariners during the war.
Submarine S-56 in Vladivostok
Type C submarines that survived the war served until the mid-1950s, after which all "Eski" were gradually decommissioned. Some of them were sent for recycling (cut into metal), some were converted into floating training or charging stations, several boats from the Pacific Fleet were transferred to the Chinese Navy, where did they serve yet 15 years. The training station was the last to leave the fleet., conversion from the boat "S-14", it happened 9 February 1978 of the year.
The submarine "S-51" has been partially preserved to this day, the deckhouse and part of the hull of this boat were erected as a monument in Gremikha. The only fully preserved submarine is the famous Red Banner Guards boat "S-56", which is installed as a monument and museum on the embankment of Vladivostok.
Performance characteristics of the submarine type "C" series IX-bis:
Displacement: surface - 840 tonnes, scuba - 1070 tonnes.
dimensions: length - 77,75 m, width - 6,4 m, sediment - 4 m.
Power point - 2 diesel engines with a capacity of 2x2000 hp. and 2 main electric motors with a capacity of 2x550 hp.
speed: surface - 19,5 host, underwater - 8,5 host.
Economic speed: surface - 8,5-10 knots, underwater - 3 host.
Cruising range - up to 8200 miles (surface passage), to 140 miles (underwater passage).
immersion depth: working - 80 m, limiting - 100 m.
artillery armament: 1x100 mm gun B-24PL, 1X45 mm cannon 21-K and 2h7,62 mm machine gun.
torpedoes: 4h533-mm bow torpedo tubes and 2h533-mm torpedo tubes feed, the total stock of torpedoes - 12 pcs.
Endurance - 30 day.
crew - 45 human.
Information sources:
— vpk-news.ru/articles/45346
— deepstorm.ru
— telenir.net/transport_i_aviacija/tehnika_i_vooruzhenie_2000_01/p7.php
