"Queen Martha rebukes False Dmitry" (Colored lithograph from a sketch V.Babushkina, middle 19 century)After the victory at Dobrynichami from Russian command impression, that finished pretender. The same feeling was and soldiers. The nobility began to disperse on estates. Meanwhile Lzhedmitry received unexpected support from the steppe cities. Rebellious garrisons in Tsarevo-Borisov, Livni, Yelets declared recognition of Prince. There was a danger merging two foci uprising. To prevent this, the king's troops began to storm the fortress Kromy, wherein populate Don Cossack headed ataman Corele. The superiority of the besiegers was huge, but the Cossacks fought desperately. Pull up the trench and vines, They were rescued from the nuclei, at the first approach of government troops emptying the walls and fighting off attacks. In the midst of the fighting Kromy Boris Godunov died and was succeeded by his son Fedor. Fedor had to answer for his father's unpopularity. Boyarsky conspiracy against him arose immediately. The rebels rebelled army Kromy. Although most of the warriors remained faithful to the oath, army collapsed. they, who remained loyal to the ruling dynasty, fled, Other defected to the False Dmitry.
Mutiny Kromy pushed to the decisive action of the conspirators in Moscow. Boyars provoked riots, the royal family was taken into custody, after which the boyars invited to reign Falsdmitry. The people did not accept the current policy Falsdmitry and arranged a rebellion against him.
Nobles organized a revolt against the False Dmitry. At dawn 17 May 1606 year conspirators slumped to the Kremlin. They were supported by about 300 Novgorod nobles. Mercenaries Germans did not protect Falsdmitry, he tried to escape, but he was captured and torn to pieces by the crowd. Crown passed to SHUISKI, unpopular in society, which provoked new excitement, culminating in the peasant war led by Ivan Bolotnikov. Simultaneously announced another Lzhedmitry, actively supported by the Poles. False Dmitry II was entirely a puppet of Poland, We rely on the Polish and Lithuanian feudal lords. Poles aspired to the fragmentation and submission to Russia. Polish-Lithuanian troops numbering 35 thousands of people besieged the strategically important Holy Trinity Monastery, It is a kind of bridge between Moscow and the northern regions of Russia, most actively resist pretender. Meanwhile, in the fall 1609 the Poles entered the territory of Russia: Sigismund III troops laid siege to Smolensk. Sent to the rescue of Smolensk Russian-Swedish army under the command of DI. Shumsky 24 June 1610 It would be utterly Year of razbyto Poles Zholkevskoho pod village Klushino. In this situation, the boyars Shuisky was forced to abdicate. Power passed to the seven boyars, headed by Prince Fedor Mstislavskys ("Seven Boyars"). Moscow swore allegiance to the Polish Prince Ladislas. Getman Zolkiewski pitched Falsdmitry II, and he fled. Poles entered the capital, how to address the puppet government were immediately sent to the border towns all archers.
M. AND. Scotti. Minin and Pozharsky. 1850 year
But most Russian cities refused to swear Vladislav. The resistance of the Poles in the first stage of the liberation war led the Ryazan, where it was collected zemstvo militia led by Procopius Lyapunov. By joining forces DT. Trubetskoy with the Cossacks IM. Zarutsky, Lyapunov announced the creation of a "Council of All the Earth" - Russian national government, recognized many areas. Meanwhile victuals interventionists acted more unceremoniously: 3 June 1611 years after the 20-month siege of Poles using the betrayal seized Smolensk. Taking advantage of the helplessness of Moscow, Swedes started the aggression. 16 July 1611 year I. De la Gardie captured Novgorod. There is a real threat of loss of national independence Russia.
In this situation, to protect the homeland has become the common people. Zemsky elder from Nizhny Novgorod Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky announced the establishment of the people's militia for the country's liberation from the power of foreigners. In March 1612 , the militia acted to Yaroslavl. it counted 10 thousand. human, continuously replenished warriors from the eastern and northern regions. The main forces of the militia began near Arbat, And the Tver Nikitsky Gate. The decisive battle took place 22 August 1612 years after, Poles crossed the Moscow River near the Novodevichy Monastery and began to focus in Chertolskaya gate area. Pozharsky hastily tossed hither strong cavalry unit, and foot troops are located behind an earthen rampart.
The next day, the Poles went on the offensive and were able to get the defenders to retreat. A critical time for the militia, their position, it seemed, was close to disaster, when from the other bank of the Moskva River at the flank of the Polish forces hit 5 hundreds of pre-allocated hidden militia fighters and part of the Cossacks Trubetskoi, and not defined, whose side to take. This turn of events came as a surprise to almost believed in the victory of the Poles, they were forced to move in complete disarray on the Sparrow Hills. After daily respite Polish army commanded by Chodkiewicz resumed the offensive. Poles once again managed to oust militias. Pozharsky barely kept the enemy, abandoning the cause of the last reserves.
Starting second battle decided unexpected kick 4 hundreds of soldiers under the command of Minin. At dusk Minin detachment crossed the river to the area of the Crimean yard and attacked the enemy from the flank. At the same time defending the last effort against the enemy from the front. Poles ran, throwing artillery and baggage, A few days later we moved to Mozhaisk.
It determined the fate of the invaders, blocked in the Kremlin. Among the besieged Poles and their minions famine. Ate even dead. 26 October 1612 year locked in the Kremlin Poles capitulated on the condition of their lives. This victory saved the independence of Russia.
Gabriel Tsobehiya
