Ural guerrillas crossing the p. Ufa. 1918 yearOn the margins of the Civil War, in particular, at the end 1918 - early 1919 of the year, due to the increased resistance of the enemy and the transfer of the forces on the Southern Front (all were transferred to 25 thousand. human), who became chief of the front, a general offensive of the Eastern Front ceased. At this time, the Eastern Front consisted 75,8 thousand. bayonets, 10 thousand. sabers, 376 guns, 1717 machine guns against 100 thousand. bayonets, 18 thousand. sabers, 110 guns and 291 gun White Guard and the White Cossack troops, reinforced by White Czechs. The High Command of the Red Army will be allocated from the Eastern Front to strengthen the Southern Front entire 1st Army. In this way, the Red Army on the Eastern Front, somewhat inferior to the enemy in, With more than three-fold superiority in artillery. 28 November 1918 the Central Committee of the Party adopted a resolution, in which he demanded to expand the offensive on all fronts, and above all - the South. In furtherance of this decision, the Eastern Front Command has developed a plan winter offensive, on which were to be held at the same time three military operations (4-Army operated in order to release Uralsk, 1-Army - Orenburg, 5-I - Ufa) and one operation of military force (2-I third the army acted to liberate Yekaterinburg). The main directions of recognized Ufa and Ekaterinburg. But the enemy concentrated on the Ekaterinburg to direction 50 percent of its forces, planning a strike on Perm and Vyatka establish a direct link with the north-revolution and the Anglo-American invaders. Against 35,5 thousand. troops of the 3rd Army acted Yekaterinburg whole group and most of the Kama region group, generally more 49,5 thousand. bayonets and sabers. Analysis Plan East Front Revolutionary Military gives grounds to conclude, that is not the difficulty of conducting simultaneous operations in the 1800 mile front were taken into account in the conditions of the enemy's superiority in forces, particularly in the band of the 3rd Army. Soviet commanders failed to unravel the designs of the enemy, consider the possibility of moving the offensive on the white Permian direction. 29 November, a day before the 3rd Army, creating a three-fold superiority in the direction of the main shock, It went on the offensive Yekaterinburg group of General Guides. Kolchak's troops forced the Red Army to conduct heavy defensive battles in this area. In other areas of the Eastern Front Army successfully attacked. Unfavorable situation in the band 3rd Army worried military and political leadership of the Republic, but the measures did not improve matters. 25 December of the 3rd Army left Perm, and retreated behind the Kama. When analyzing the causes of the fall of Perm are not always true assesses the actions of the 3rd Army, focuses only on, that she could not hold back the onslaught of the enemy. But it should be noted, that army troops fought stubbornly against overwhelming odds. The army consisted mainly of workers of the Urals. During defensive fighting killed almost entirely several regiments and brigades. For a small number of days of its losses in killed, wounded and frostbite were about 18 thousand. human, or more 50% personnel.
rally Red, Ural, 1918 year
Army had to help. But timely assistance reserves from Front Command it was not was, because they felt an acute shortage. Finish formation in Vyatka 10th Rifle Division Home command ordered to transfer to the Western Front. Note the Eastern Front parry enemy blows to Perm maneuvering 2nd and 5th Army could not be performed due to the enormous spatial scope of combat operations. Replenishment of the mobilized peasants Vyatka and Perm provinces, hastily put together marching battalions and companies, maloboesposobnyh not always stable politically and morally, We could not make up for the losses incurred, Furthermore, decomposed by the combat units, worsened the internal state and the fighting capacity of the army.
12 December. AND. Lenin and I. M. Sverdlov telegram L. D. Trotsky drew attention to the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic to the dangerous situation in Perm. A day later, Lenin reiterated the alarming news of Perm and has demanded to take control of the allocation of the commander in chief Vatsetis reinforcements Perm and Urals. At the same time drawing attention to the, it is necessary to send only shelled parts. Reinforcements were sent, but they were not always reliable in terms of class,, not always well trained, arriving late, sprayed army command on separate lines and were introduced into the battle piecemeal, that did not give proper results.
It should also be said, that delayed the decision was made and badly organized transfer from the right flank to the left in the region of Perm Kama Special Brigade. The average rate of its transfer made: by rail - 18 – 19 km, Underwater - 21 – 22 km per day. Marching order was within rather.
In an emergency,, in an extended front conditions 400 km army commander old Bolshevik M. M. Lashevich, who had no experience of Joint Force Command, lost control of troops, not arranged properly interaction of parts and connections with Perm Defense organizations. As a result, there is an artillery brigade in the day of the capture of Perm has not made a single shot, and her boss Valyuzhevich defected to white. Desertion to the enemy, betrayal of a number of military experts and senior officials also affected the situation. Adversely affected by the fighting and the morale of poor supply of ammunition Army, food and warm clothing.
Loss of Perm with its skilled workers and military plants, metal stocks has been very sensitive to the Soviet Republic. The failure of third Army worsened the military-strategic situation of the Republic. The enemy has at its disposal an important railway junction, water and ground paths. However, to develop their success, connect with the Northern white front of Kolchak's troops failed.
An important role was played by the measures taken improve the combat capability of the 3rd Army from the Commission of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) in the composition and. AT. Stalin and F. E. Dzerzhinsky, as well as the onset of the other armies of the Eastern Front. After suffering heavy losses (over 50%), Shock Army Kolchak in Perm direction passed to the defensive.Gabriel Tsobehiya
