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Russian army in second half XIX - the beginning of XX century

Russian Army in the second half of the XIX – at the beginning of the XX century

Dmitry Milyutin,Minister of warThe armed forces of the Russian Empire - the regular army and navy, as well as the irregular troops (Cossacks), started the first Russian Emperor Peter I on the basis began to appear in Russia as early as during the reign of his father so. n. regiments foreign formation with the latest European developments in this field, Local replaced by irregular troops, who were feudal survivals, and streletskie parts, I stood up against Peter I in during the struggle for power and then repressed it. Initially, the armed forces of the Russian Empire were formed on the basis of conscription (also to the middle of the XVIII century nobles remained compulsory service), from the second half of the XIX century after the military reforms of Alexander II - on the basis of universal conscription.

The Crimean War of 1853-1856 revealed the shortcomings of Russian weapons, namely: the spread of steam engines were invented steamships, which is part of the Russian fleet was only 16; made possible the mass production of rifles, but in Russia the amount was also negligible. Therefore, military reforms were carried out in 1860-1870 years under the leadership of Dr.. A. Mylyutyna. The first steps in the reorganization of the armed forces were taken as early as during the Crimean War. AT 1855 year "to improve the military part of the Commission" was established by the decree of the king. Before it was tasked to revise the Charter, discussion re troops, improve the physical and combat training. 9 November 1861 , General D. A. Milutin was appointed minister of war, 15 January 1862 , he presented a report to Alexander II, which they formulated the basic principles, objectives and tasks of the military reform.

AT 1864 year military district reform was carried out. On the territory of Russia created 15 military districts, replacing the cabinet management organization of the armed forces in peacetime. Commander of the district usually appointed Governor-General. Each district represented simultaneously troop control authority and military administration device. This allows you to quickly and easily lead the troops to carry out their mobilization. With the creation of the Ministry of War constituencies rid itself of a wide range of duties, who now execute commands, in his charge were only those management issues, which were important for the whole army. The General Staff was created. recruiting system was replaced by a conscription.

Russian Army in the second half of the XIX – at the beginning of the XX century

Shtandartny squadron Tekin horse regiment headed regiment commander Col. C. P. Zykov (left) to look the part of troops of the 9th Army, conducted by Emperor Nicholas II, under Hawtin

1 January 1874 year adopted the "Charter of vsesoslovnoy conscription". According to him the entire male population, without distinction of states subject to compulsory military service from 21 years of age. The term of active service was in the Army 6 years and 9 years left, the Navy, respectively, – 7 years and 3 of the year. There has been a re - transition to a rifled breech-loading weapons. AT 1868 year adopted an American rifle Berdan, at 1870 - Russian rifle Berdan number 2 , at 1891 - Mosin rifle. FROM 1861 the year began production of armored steam ship, from 1866 - submarine. TO 1898 , the Russian navy, consisting of the Baltic, Black Sea fleet, Caspian and Siberian Flotilla, I was 14 bronenostsev, 23 battleship of coastal defense, 6 armored cruisers, 17 cruisers, 9 mine cruisers, 77 minonostsev, 96 minonosok, 27 gunboats.

At the beginning of the XX century continued active development of military equipment. AT 1902 year in the military armored vehicles appear (automobile troops), at 1911 year - military aviation (Imperial air force), at 1915 year - tanks (tank forces).

Adopted large and small shipbuilding program, laid battleships "Sevastopol" type, "Empress Maria"; cruisers of "Ishmael".

AT 1901 It was an attempt to eliminate the separate armed forces of the Grand Duchy of Finland. This meant, that Finnish recruits, previously served in their own country, from 1901 Year can be sent to any edge of the Russian Empire. The result of these measures was the general discontent of the population in Finland. AT 1902 year to the recruiting station was only half of the recruits, at 1904 by the Governor General in Finland Nikolai Bobrikov was killed by the Finnish nationalist.

After the First World War, at 1916 year, an attempt was made to extend the call to "mixed ethnic" people of Turkestan, And the supposed appeal not to the front, and on military logistical work. This has led to riots, depressed using the army and the Cossacks, and stoivshim to life 100 thousand. civilians.

As of 1898 years old Russian imperial army represents the largest army in Europe.

In the first years of the XX century the basic organizational unit of the armed forces has been housing, consisting of 1 cavalry and 3 infantry divisions, and at each Infantry Division during the war created an equestrian Cossack regiment.Gabriel Tsobehiya

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