Another special project material & quot; Meritocracy & quot;, published in friendly portal CvK info a group of social network & Quot; In contact" The theme the role of culture in shaping civilization.
& Quot; The axiom of civilized approach is the adoption of, that human history is the history of civilizations. The idea of civilization was originally developed by the French philosophers of the XVIII century, as opposed to the notion of & quot; barbarity & quot;, embodying all that is negative in social development. With this concept of European minds, naturally refers only to the Civilization of Europe, We measured the neighboring state and society, & quot looking rudiments in them; civilization & quot; and deciding they are worthy of the right to an independent existence or not. In other words, the original concept of civilization has been estimated. Gradually, the dichotomy of all mankind was to concede the concept polycivilizational, according to which the concept of evaluation plaque was eliminated, and the world is represented by a set of civilizations.
The founders and advocates of civilization theory put forward various classifications and does exist civilizations: Danylevskyy- 11, Toynbee – 30 (including the people and arrested civilization), Spengler – 8, Quigley – 16 etc. Samuel Hantingoton based on a review of most of the classifications and identifying & quot; reasonable agreement & quot; most researchers, allocates eight currently existing civilizations: Sinskaya (Confucian), Japanese, Hindu, Islamic, Orthodox, Western, Latinoamerikanskuyu, African.
And if the number of civilizations vary from author to author, common to all is the close connection between the concept of civilization and culture. according to Huntington, Civilization is the highest cultural unity of people and the broadest level of cultural identity, distinguishes humans from other species, this is the largest & quot; we & quot;, in which everyone feels culturally at home and distinguishes itself from all the other & quot; are & quot;. Toynbee believed, that civilization, it has reached the limits of identity culture. Danilevsky and completely replaces the term civilization is the concept of cultural-historical type.
Apart is the German philosophy of civilizations, that in the face of Oswald Spengler's theory opposes culture and civilization. However, upon closer inspection, it becomes imaginary confrontation, because of the nature and culture and civilization are describing the same phenomenon but in different periods of its existence. mono say, that the culture of this civilization in its heyday, in which the creative spirit is capable of creating a cultural masterpiece, while civilization, it is a culture of decay period, period when the creative spirit is not able to create new and original, defecated only utilitarian and subsequent mechanical.
From the analysis subject literature seen that, anyway, Culture will be present in almost any definition of civilization.
The problem is, Both concepts, culture and civilization are not clearly defined, They include differing feature set. In most cases, civilization relies a broader concept, covering culture, although sometimes the opposite, and sometimes they are used interchangeably. The concept of culture itself is very complicated in itself, tendentious, and not having a rigid framework creates ephemeral definition of civilization. Representatives of civilized approach recognizes, that civilization is no clearly defined boundaries, the exact start and end and people can (and do it) identify themselves differently, resulting in a composition and form of civilization changes over time. It is noted, that civilization is a comprehensive phenomenon, that is, none of it can not be understood without reference to the corresponding civilization. All this gives rise to justified criticism. So famous sociologist Pitirim Sorokin, pointed, that & quot; the most serious error of these theories is cultural blending systems with social systems (groups), in, that the name of & quot; civilization & quot; given significantly different social groups and their common cultures — the ethnic, the religious, the state, the territorial, the various groups multifactorial, and even a conglomerate of different companies with aggregate cultures inherent & quot ;. Other critics point to the vagueness and complexity of the concept of culture, whereby clear criteria for allocation of civilizations can not be established. One critic counted about 22 sense to put representatives of approach to the concept of civilization. It criticizes the lack of a unified methodology and systematization of civilizations.
Recognizing the validity of criticism, but remaining within the limits of civilized approach, It can be assumed, that the identified problems are based on the incorrect ratio of the basic concepts – culture and civilization & quot;.
