S-75 "Dvina", "Desna", "Volkhov"

Anti-aircraft missile system S-75 (SA-2 "Guideline") It designed to engage aerial targets at medium and high altitudes on a collision course and in pursuit. transportable (in tow) complex was designed to cover the important administrative, political and industrial facilities, military units and formations. C-75 single-channel and the target of rocket trehkanalen, t. it is. simultaneously able to accompany one aim and direct it to three missiles.

S-75 "Dvina", "Desna", "Volkhov" – video

Development of the complex started in 1953 g. KB-1 (now the "Diamond"). A general designer. Raspletin. Surface-to-air missile was developed in the CB "Torch", Chief Designer II. Grushin. The complex was created on the basis of technical solutions, implemented in the development of the C-25 system. Launcher - one beam with a variable angle of launch rockets and electric drive for turning the angle and azimuth - designed in the Leningrad CDB-34.
AT 1955 g. a prototype version of the complex polygon and produced the first missile launches. By mid-1956. experimental model was created by a mobile missile guidance station. The whole complex Stir in six cabins. Hardware cockpit stir in automotive wagons, peredayushaya transceiver apparatus with antenna - artillery wagon PUV-16, Launchers for the carriage mounted on a special wheeled chassis. The complex has six launchers, which were placed in a circle around the missile guidance station (NRC). AT 1957 g. complex called the SA-75 "Dvina" entered service with the Air Defense Forces. Radar Systems (missile guidance station) I worked in the E-band. The complex produced rockets shelling targets B-750 (1D) and B-750V (13D). Development of S-75 "Desna" medium-range air defense missile system began in 1956 city, a testing ground sample created in 1957 g.

Given the shortcomings of the SA-75 air defense missile systems and other causes, a new set of S-75 was designed with the placement of the instrumental part of the towed vans, mounted on a trailer chassis. The complex produced missile attack targets a new type of in-750VN (13D) and had expanded lesion area as compared to the precursor. Since the beginning of serial production and supplies to troops trehkabinnogo variant of the S-75 "Desna" CA-75 production has been curtailed. Given the shortcomings of the SA-75 air defense missile systems and other causes, a new set of S-75 was designed with the placement of the instrumental part of the towed vans, mounted on a trailer chassis. The complex produced missile attack targets a new type of in-750VN (13D) and had expanded lesion area as compared to the precursor. Since the beginning of serial production and supplies to troops trehkabinnogo variant of the S-75 "Desna" CA-75 production has been curtailed.
The Vietnam War was the cause of a series of improvements to the complex "Dvina". A total of 6 development work with a practical test at the test site and the subsequent introduction on a technique in Vietnam. It was introduced false start mode, t. it is. the inclusion of the radio control transmitter without control rocket missile launch. By adopting such a signal to your razvedpriemnik, tactical aviation pilots made missile maneuver and thus differed from the strategic aviation aircraft, that such maneuvers could not do.
The following modification has become the S-75M "Volkhov", which is different from the previous type of rockets used B-755 (20D & 20DP), as well as on the presence transceiver cab two parabolic antennas. In the new launch instead of the two antennas in the fuze used four, and has been slightly modified sustainer rocket engine design. missile guidance station operates in the wavelength range of G-. On the wide azimuth beam were installed narrow beam parabolic antennas, which raised the possibility of the complex when working on small targets and in noisy environments.

The complex allows you to attack targets in the conditions of active and passive jamming. C-75M entered service with the Air Defense Forces in May 1961 city, at 1962 g. adopted for the air defense of ground troops. Complex was attached cabin communication and interfacing with ACS, which made it possible to work the missile guidance station in the mode of automated external target designation. The use of automated control systems allowed to increase the effectiveness of combat use SAM. Later versions of the S-75m2 have been developed, C-75MZ, distinguished by the type of missile used (20D, 5YA23) and the introduction of new modes of CHP-75 works for protection against interference. Complex repeatedly been crafted, the last stage in the receiving-transmitting cabin was installed teleoptichesky sight. TV camera allowed bombard targets in jamming conditions CHP-75.
Rockets two-stage modification of production, formed by normal aerodynamic scheme. First stage (booster) – solid fuel, It represents a propellant jet engine, working for 4,5 from. The second stage has the liquid jet, operating on kerosene compound and nitric acid. Tselnopovorotnym rudders to control the pitch, yaw and roll are located at the tail section of the sustainer stage, ailerons for roll control on the part of the flight of the booster – on boosters in the same plane. To reduce the longitudinal static stability in the fore part of the rocket has destabilize trapezoidal rockets early modifications and triangular – rockets later series. warhead – high-explosive weight 196 kg (for 20D missiles) and 190-197 kg (for 5YA23). The radius of the warhead can defeat reach 244 m targets like U-2. For small targets type fighter attack range is reduced to 65 m.

Large damage radius to compensate for the guidance system error. According to foreign press, the missile could have a nuclear warhead capacity of about 15 CT. On the complex S-75M late releases to increase the combat capabilities of the rocket suggests the goal also in the passive phase after switching off the main engine. Undermining warhead was carried out by a team from the fuze, or on command from the ground station guidance when approaching the target. Self-destruct the rocket produces a limited time of flight or a miss, regardless of the time of flight. Missile guidance to the target radio command. missile control commands produced by the missile guidance station equipment based on the relative position of the missile and the target and transmitted throughout the missile flight time. Receiving commands aboard rockets starts with the first stage separation, t. to. receiving antenna booster is closed. command transfer is performed in the UHF range voln.Kabina MF has two antennas, carrying out scanning in two planes at right ortoganalnyh (vertical) and azimuth (horizontal). SAM latest "Volkhov" modification has also 2 parabolic antenna, located on the azimuth.
SAM is in the anti-aircraft missile battalion armed, missile guidance station comprising CHP-75 (3 cabin), cockpit automation conjugation with, launchers (6 PC.), power tools, reconnaissance airspace. Typically, missile launchers are arranged in a circle at a distance 60-100 m around the battalion command points (CHP-75). Elements of the complex can be placed in open areas, in the trenches using bunding or stationary concrete shelters. In this cabin PV (transceiver) in any case, there is an open area and can not be protected. Crew consists of a complex 4 human – officer and one of the three operators over the angular tracking and range coordinates.

Supplied in Egypt SAM had its own characteristics. Instead of parabolic antennas on the horizontal antenna housed cabinet for two operators and equipment for optical tracking of targets. In the case of jamming CHP (radio productions) operators, located in the booth, visual target tracking performed by angular coordinates. First C-75 "Dvina" was used 1959 g. in China, where five fire and one technical complex have been transferred at the request of the Chinese government. The Chinese shot down spy plane Taiwanese armed forces RB-57D American production. The bombardment was carried out by three rockets, and they all passed with the erosion of. Aircraft defeat was so strong, he broke into pieces still in flight and its wreckage scattered in a radius of 5-6 km. The pilot was killed by shrapnel. However, that, that the plane was hit by anti-aircraft missile system, It has been declared, to hide the presence of China's latest (at the time) antiaircraft systems. It was officially announced, Chiang Kai-shek that the spy plane was shot down by the Air Force of the People's Liberation Army.
Then the S-75 was used 1 May 1960 city, when he was hit by a high-altitude US plane near Sverdlovsk- reconnaissance U-2 "Lockheed", piloted by CIA pilot Powers. The aircraft was shot down in 8 no 53 min (Moscow time) a single rocket, Start which produced the 2nd division of 57th air defense missile brigade. Division commanded by Major Michael R. Voronov. U-2 pilot died and managed to get out of the plane and after a long jump to land later 25 min. He survived only because, that the missile was put, when the goal has flown launch zone and exit from it. Rocket had to catch the target and its warhead exploded at the tail of the aircraft (at 15 m right and below).
Already on the plane falling debris after the second division fired another division – captain Shelud'ko. One of the missiles found the goal. It turned out to be a wing. Looking up from the plane, it fell on their own. Two other missiles flew between the fragments U-2, and therefore did not explode, and self-destructed at high altitude. Unfortunately, the same day, another plane was shot down – MIG-19, piloted by Senior Lieutenant Sergei Ivanovich Safronov. The pilot managed to eject, but he was mortally wounded and landed already dead. The cause of this tragedy was a series of superposed error: calculating fighter control center, Action for calculating the command post of defense, technical failure interrogator Division, carried out the shelling of targets.

Radar rangefinder RD-75

The result of this application C-75 was then, that the United States stop its reconnaissance flights over Soviet territory and thereby lost an important source of strategic intelligence. The next time the P-75 was used in September 1962 of the year, when the Chinese anti-aircraft missile units of the PLA shot down a U-2 "Lockheed". Chinese armed forces have used S-75 and HOjl own production, It is a copy of the Soviet system. These systems were used in the 60s to combat reconnaissance aircraft U-2 "Lockheed" and unmanned reconnaissance Taiwanese armed forces and scored a victory 8 time.
27 October 1962 g. over Cuba was hit by U-2 "Lockheed" US Air Force. In the middle 1965 year, the S-75 was handed over to the forces of the air defense of North Vietnam, and in July of the same year, he was hit by the first F-4 With the US Air Force, "Phantom". Since the beginning of the use of the complex in Vietnam the USA were able to get the first raw data on missile guidance system, commands the missile guidance, characteristics of fuze and warhead missiles. These data allowed us to start the development of electronic warfare systems S-75. Especially for the purpose of exploring 13 February 1966 g. over the territory of North Vietnam was launched unmanned reconnaissance aircraft «Ryan 147E», which throughout its flight passed intelligence to the control station, until he was shot down. 22 July 1966 g. It was launched another unmanned reconnaissance aircraft «Ryan 147F», which was equipped with a specially protected hardware of the complex characteristics of intelligence. Before he was shot down, It has been spent 11 missiles. During his reconnaissance flight, the plane passed intelligence to the control station. In general, use of anti-aircraft missile complex S-75 in Vietnam can be considered effective enough. for example, from 18 by 30 December 1972 g. American command was carried out carefully planned operation "Laynbekker-2", which it used all the strategic aviation, took part in the territory of hostilities (more 700 aircraft, of them 83 B-52 36 F-111). It was also involved part of the 7th Fleet forces. During the operation, there were more than 2814 sorties (1810 at night) with an average daily intensity 234 (151 at night). Sbrošeno 12,5-14 thousands of tons of bombs, released 6000 shells. The role of the main strike force is the Strategic Aviation, committed a 17 massive strikes – 594 sorties. It was used for the first time in a mass composition. Tactical aviation solved the challenge of fighting (about 60%), inflicted blows (about 36%), conducted reconnaissance (about 4%).

Vietnam's air defense forces for 12 the day was destroyed 81 aircraft (31 B-52 3 F-111) BBC (United States). SMP destroyed 54 (67%) Aircraft, of them 31 – B-52 (91%). Anti-aircraft artillery shot down 20 (24%) aircraft, of them 3 – F-111, 1 – B-52. Fighter aircraft shot down 7 aircraft (9%), including 2 – B-52. Only for 1972 g. it was produced 1155 shooting, at a total flow rate 2059 was hit by rockets 421 target. Of them 51 – B-52, 223 – F-4, 9 – F-105, 59 – A-6, 57 – A-7, 1 – Fill.
FROM 1965 by 1972 g. Vietnam was supplied 95 SAM and 7568 missiles. By the end of the war (January 1973 city) It has been spent 6806 missiles. Combat-ready systems remain 39, the rest were lost in battle or were faulty. During the war in Vietnam had been destroyed more 1000 aircraft (other sources – about 4000). AT 1965 g. S-75 was used during the Indo-Pakistan war. The first of 25 systems have been deployed around Delhi and some key airfields. The only confirmed case of combat use in this war was the defeat of the transport aircraft AN-12 Indian Air Force, which was adopted for Pakistani C-130 "Hercules". In subsequent years, he was hit by a reconnaissance aircraft RB-57F Pakistani Air Force. December 1965 g. over the territory of the Black Sea near the Russian coastal territory was hit by a reconnaissance RB-57F US Air Force.
By July 1967 g. – the outbreak of war with Israel – Egypt had 18 S-75. All were delivered to Egypt 35 firing complexes and 6 technical (for the preparation and maintenance of missiles). Total Egyptian SAMs fired Start 22 missiles and 7 and 8 June brought down 2 Mirag IIICJ. However, at the same time a SAM (including CHP) He was captured by the Israelis and more 8 They were destroyed by the Israeli Air Force. 9 Martha 1969 g. Israeli surveillance plane was shot down Piper Cub. For up to 1973 At about downed 10 Israeli planes. S-75 was used during the Indo-Pakistan war 1971 g. (1 target is knocked); during the war 1973 city, when Syria and Egypt's air defense forces shot down 14 goals; Syria 1982 g. in the defense of the Bekaa Valley; Libya in 1986 city, during the incident with the US; Angola against the South African Air Force.

Transceiver cabin guidance station CHP-75 missiles

S-75 was used repeatedly Korea and Cuba against reconnaissance aircraft speed SR-71 (cases of lesions not fixed). S-75 was used in November 1994 g. against NATO planes, raided western Bosnia. Serbs used the C-75 against ground targets by Bosnian Muslims and Croats. About 18 rockets were fired in November- December 1994 g. ground targets. Thus rocket eroded by contact with the ground or undermining carried out at low altitude. This was the reason, NATO forces crushed the Bosnian Serb air defense system. In China, C-75 produced under license under the name HQ-1 (full analogue) and HQ-2 (improved version). Iraq has finalized its missile SAM thermal homing head, which is capable of inducing a missile at the end of the flight. According to Iraqi military experts. According to foreign press, This will increase the probability of hitting the maneuvering targets in terms of radio interference. If the destination of the flight target acquisition thermal homing did not occur, the rocket again switches to the radio command guidance system.
Under the name "Volga" (export name) the complex is delivered to many countries around the world. Deliveries were carried out in Afghanistan, Angola (7 complexes), Algeria (5), Albania, Bulgaria (22), Hungary (16), Vietnam (95), Egypt (60), Yemen (20), India (16), Iraq, Iran, North Korea (45, including HQ;2), China, Cuba (24), Libya (18), Mozambique, Mongolia, Peru (3), Poland (40), Pakistan (2 HQ-2), Romania (20), Syria (23), Sudan (5), Czech Republic, Ethiopia (4), Yugoslavia (4).

Intelligence Station P-1B purposes

The performance characteristics of the S-75MZ "Volkhov"

Start photo missiles S-75

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