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T-35

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

T-35 - Soviet heavy tank interwar. Developed in the years 1931-1932 by engineers Specialized Design Bureau (KB) under the general supervision H. AT. Barykova. It is the first in the USSR Heavy Tank, launched into mass production - in 1933-1939 years at the Kharkov Locomotive Works in several small batches were produced 59 production vehicles.

Pyatibashenny tank T-35 – video

T-35 was a heavy tank pyatibashenny classical configuration, with a gun and machine gun armament and anti-bullet armor, and was intended for infantry support and enhance the quality of rifle and tank units in the breakout strongly fortified enemy positions. T-35 is the world's pyatibashennym tank, mass-produce, and the most powerful tank of the Red Army of the 1930s.

FROM 1933 , the tanks T-35 arrived on arms Fifth heavy tank brigade (5 ttbr) RKKA, from 1936 Year highlighted along with the rest of the ttbr Reserve Command. To 1941 , the T-35 in any hostilities did not participate, However, the restrictions applied during maneuvers and exercises and is often used in military parades, It is the visible embodiment of the military might of the USSR. T-35 took part in the fighting of the initial stage of the Great Patriotic War, as part of the 34th Armored Division of the Kiev PSB, but it was quickly lost, mainly - due to technical faults (only seven tanks were lost in combat). In the autumn 1941 four T-35 participated in the battles of Kharkov as part of a separate anti-tank squad. All of them were lost in combat.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

History of creation

By the end of the 1920s, the Red Army armored forces had at their disposal a light infantry support tanks T-18 (MS-1), rather perfect for its time. However, heavier machines have been mainly represented by tanks, It is known in the Soviet Union under the name "Ricardo" - captured from Whites British heavy tanks Mk. V, who fought in the First World, thoroughly worn out by the end of 1920 badly outdated.

Work on the creation of their own medium and heavy tanks began in the USSR in the late 1920s, but the absence of the Soviet designers the necessary experience in the field of tank construction are not allowed to create a full-fledged fighting machine. In particular, nothing is over the attempt of the design bureau of the gun-weapons-machine gun Unions to develop a breakthrough heavy tank. This 50-ton combat vehicle should carry a gun with two 76-mm guns and five machine guns. a wooden model of the tank was built, then at the beginning of 1932 , all of the project work has been stopped, although the tank managed to get the T-30. Similarly, the finished work "prison" KB Avtotankodizelnogo Economic Department of the OGPU Management, worked on the 75-ton tank breakthrough. properly, already at the initial stage of designing these machines their futility was evident - projects have a whole heap of disadvantages, eliminates the possibility of construction of these machines.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

In March 1930 year to design a medium tank launched a joint Soviet-German team led by Edward Grotte. Although created under the direction Grotte medium tank TG was also unsuitable for several reasons, and did not go into series, Soviet officers in the course of this work gained some experience, which allowed them to proceed to the design of heavy combat vehicles. After the cessation of work on the TG, from the Soviet engineers, worked with Grotte, It was created a specialized KB, whose task was to develop its own heavy tank. Headed CB H. AT. Barykov, Deputy who previously worked Grotte. The composition of the CB also includes designers M. P. Zigyeli, B. A. Andryhevich, I. M. Hackel, I. AT. Obukhov and others.

In the task of mechanization and motorisation (UMM) said the Red Army: "TO 1 August 1932 year to develop and build a new 35-ton tank breakthrough type TG ". In connection with the intended weight, perspective tank received the designation T-35. When designing this machine designers relied on polutoraletny experience over TG, and the results of tests of the German tanks "Grosstraktor" at the site near Kazan and materials With the Commission. A. Ginzburg for the purchase of armored vehicles in the UK perspective.

The work went at a rapid pace. Already 28 February 1932 the Deputy Chief of the UMM RKKA D. D. Bokis reported M. n. Tukhachevsky, at that time - the chief of the Red Army weapons: "Work on the T-35 (former TG) go full swing, and disruption completion date is not planned ... "The assembly of the first prototype, the designation T-35-1, It was already over 20 August 1932 of the year, a 1 September tank was shown to representatives of the UMM RKKA headed Bokisom, which made a strong impression.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

T-35-1

The prototype had significant differences from the task UMM, first of all - by weight, which was 42 so against 35 t in the job. Numerous weapons were located in five independent towers, because of which visually resembled the British heavy tank pyatibashenny A1E1 «Independent» 1929 year built. Traditionally popular belief, that the T-35 was created under the influence of "The Independent", but there is no evidence in the archival documents, Ginzburg Commission that during his stay in England was interested in this machine. It is not excluded, Soviet designers that have come to their own scheme pyatibashennoy, regardless of their English counterparts. Arming included one 76 mm gun FS-3 (Instead, the T-35-1 was a mock-up), Two 37mm cannon, and three machine guns DT. Numerous armed resulted solid metric sizes (9720× 3200 × 3430 mm). Armor tank had a thickness of 30-40 mm. The crew consisted of 10-11 people. M-17 engine power 500 l. from. allow the tank to reach a maximum speed 28 kmh, and a power reserve of the highway was 150 km. Specific ground pressure not to exceed 0,7 kg / cm², which in theory promised to fully acceptable patency. Track rollers were grouped in pairs in three trolleys on board.

At the trials in the fall 1932 year T-35-1 showed good results and, in principle, satisfy the military, but it noted a number of deficiencies in the power plant machine. Besides, construction of the transmission and control of pneumatic actuators was too complicated and expensive for mass production of the tank. Designers were asked to complete the project in these areas, strengthen arms and to unify a number of parts (in particular, main towers) middle tank T-28.

In February 1933 year tank production "Bolshevik" factory has been allocated in a separate plant number 174 them. TO. E. Voroshilov, and KB Barykova re-formed in the experimental design engineering department (OKMO), and which is engaged in the T-refining 35-1.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

T-35-2

The second sample, designated as T-35-2, collected in April 1933 of the year, a 1 May, he has already participated in the parade on Uritsky Square (former Palace) in Leningrad. From the T-35-1 tanks differed, in addition to the main tower, installing another engine, a modified form of the bulwarks, and a number of other minor differences.

T-35A

Simultaneously in the same was being developed DRAWINGS KB T-35A, Intended for series production. T-35A and significantly different from the T-35-2, and T-35-1. He had an elongated one truck chassis, small machine gun turret of different construction, increase in the average tower with 45-mm cannon 20K, a modified form of the body, and so on. d. All this has caused a number of difficulties in the manufacture of, since T-35A was, essentially, brand new car.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

Mass production

Serial production of the T-35 was assigned to the Kharkov Locomotive Works Comintern. Work to improve the tank began in 1932 , under the leadership of H. AT. Tseytsa, 11 August 1933 , the T-35 into service and 1934 He began to enter the army.

In the production process in the design of the tank repeatedly changes were made. AT 1937 , the increased thickness of the upper and lower front and side sheets, armor and stern towers 20 to 23 mm; Engine power was increased to 580 l. from., weight of the tank increased to 52 t, and then to 55 t. Number of crew members ranged from 11 to 9 human. The last batch of ten machines, issued in 1938-1939,, the tower had a conical shape, a modified design of side skirts, improved seal housing. Trailing elements were also amplified.

The design of the tank

T-35 was a heavy tank classical configuration, pyatibashenny, a two-tier arrangement of cannon and machine gun armament and booking, provides protection against bullets and shell fragments, and in some parts the frontal projection - and from a small-caliber anti-tank artillery shells.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

housing

Tank body - a box-shaped, complex configuration, and partly weld riveted, of armor plates 10-50 mm. Basically T armor thickness was 35 20 mm (the bottom front of the housing, bead, stern). The armor protection tower - 25-30 mm. The bow on the left there was a lookout driver's hatch with viewing slot, veiled glass blocks. On the march the door could be opened up, fixing the screw mechanism. To enter and exit the tank driver-mechanic disposal sunroof housing, on his site. It was originally a two-step hatch, then he was replaced by single-winged folding. Later modification of the tank with conical towers had an oval driver's hatch, similar in construction towers hatch BT-7 with a conical tower. Regardless of the modifications, Hatch had one unpleasant feature - open it to release a driver could only in the event, if the left front machine-gun tower would be deployed weapons "left on board". In this way, if damaged machine-gun towers self leaving the car mechanic-driver became impossible. The main tower was a pedestal in the shape of an irregular hexagon - so-called "hex", of which the sides were placed boxes dymopuska devices. Behind feed towers were air intake louvers, covered with armor shields, and access door to the engine. Behind the hatch located muffler. The upper aft plate of the tank had a circular opening for the fan setting, Cover your removable armored covers with blinds.

The main tower is identical in design the main tower T-28 early releases (until the introduction of conical towers main tower had no regular installation ball feed gun). Tower cylindrical shape, advanced stern niche. In front of the towers on the trunnions housed 76mm cannon, the right of which in independent ball mount machine gun was located. For the convenience of the crew working the tower it was equipped with false floors.

Average tower are identical in construction of the tower light tank BT-5, but without the aft niches. Tower cylindrical shape, with two hatches in the roof for the crew access. In front of the tower mounted 45mm cannon and coaxial machine gun.

Small machine gun turret identical in construction machine gun turrets medium tank T-28, but, unlike the last, provided with lifting eyes ring for dismantling. Tower cylindrical shape, with the protrusion at the bow of, offset to the right. In the frontal towers placed in the ball mount machine gun DT.

The T-35 series had last tower of conical shape, wherein the main tower was identical conical tower tank T-28.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

weaponry

Main artillery

The basic artillery weapons T-35 was 76.2 mm tank gun sample 1927/32 years (CT-28) ("Kirov Tank") sample 1927/32 years. Specifically designed to 1932 year for the T-28, He used a modified gun swinging portion 76 mm cannon regiment sample 1927 , with the following changes:

– shortened recoil length with 1000 to 500 mm;
– increased amount of fluid in the recuperator with 3,6 to 4,8 l;
– reinforced by thickening slide with their walls 5 to 8 mm;
– introduced a new hoist, foot slope and new sights, satisfying the conditions of operation of the tank crew.

CT-28 gun had the barrel length 16,5 calibres. The initial rate of 7-pound high-explosive shell was 262 m / s, 6,5-kilogrammovogo shrapnelynogo - 381 m / s.

The gun was mounted in the front part of the main tower in the mask trunnion. Angle horizontal guidance tools was 360 °, horizontal guidance was carried out by rotating the turret, wherein, in addition to a manual drive, there was also an electromechanical drive trohskorostnoy. The maximum angle of elevation of the gun was 25 ° +, declination - -5 ° (on other data - + 23 ° and -7 ° respectively). The lifting mechanism of the gun - sector type, manual.

Pointing guns at the target was carried out by means of a panoramic periscope optical sight PT-1 mod. 1932 g. and telescopic top arr. 1930 g. PT-1 was 2,5 × magnification and field of view 26 °. Reticle was designed for firing at a range of 3,6 km armor-piercing projectiles, 2,7 km - fragmentation and to 1,6 km - from the coaxial machine gun. For shooting at night and in low light conditions sight supplied with illuminated scales and crosshairs. TOP was 2,5 × magnification, field of view 15 °, and an aiming reticle, calculated on the firing range of up to, respectively, 6,4, 3 and 1 km.

Ammunition - 96 shots, of them 48 high-explosive grenades and 48 shrapneley. If necessary, the ammunition can be switched on and armor-piercing projectiles, possessed, true, very low armor penetration characteristics.

The latter circumstance for a long time "jarred" military. Cannon CT-28 was intended to deal with the enemy firing points and unarmored objectives, and quite satisfied rests on her tasks. It might as its armor-piercing projectile due to the low initial speed was very low. However, I must say, Gun that CT-28 as the primary armament viewed military tank and designers, as a temporary measure - subsequently tanks intended to equip a universal 76.2 mm tank gun FS-3. However, for various reasons it did not manage to finish up to an acceptable level and to start production.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

Additional artillery weapons

Additional artillery weapons was two 45-mm threaded semiautomatic guns arr. 1932 g. (20TO), subsequently replaced by its modified version of the mod. 1932/34 gg. The gun had a barrel with a free tube, cemented casing, length 46 calibres (2070 mm), vertical wedge gate with semi-automatic mechanical type on the gun arr. 1932 g. and inertsionnogo type of formation. 1932/34 gg. Recoil device consisted of hydraulic recoil buffer and spring recuperator, normal pullback length was 275 mm gun mod. 1932 g. and 245 mm - for specimen. 1932/34 gg. Semi-automatic weapon mod. 1932/34 gg. worked only when firing armor-piercing projectiles, whereas when firing shrapnel, because of the smaller length rollback, she worked as a ¼ Automation, providing only automatically close the shutter when inserting it into the cartridge, whereas the shutter opening and the extraction sleeve were made manually. Practical rate instruments was 7-12 rounds per minute. The tools provide initial velocity armor-piercing projectile 760 m / s.

The guns were placed in a twin with a machine gun installation, journaled in the end parts of small turrets. Guidance in the horizontal plane by turning tower with a screw rotating mechanism. The mechanism has two transmission, Turret rotation speed at which the gunner in one revolution of the flywheel was 2 ° or 4 °. The angle of tools traversing nasal tower was 191 °, Stern - 184 °. Guidance in a vertical plane, with a maximum angle from -8 to + 23 °, It was carried out using the mechanism of the sector. Guidance twin installations performed using the panoramic periscope optical sight PT-1 mod. 1932 g. and telescopic top arr. 1930 g.

Ammunition was 226 Shots 2 guns, of them 113 armor and 113 high-explosive.

auxiliary armament

Auxiliary arms T-35 consisted of six 7.62 mm machine guns DT. Two machine guns were placed in the main tower: - one in the front part of the main tower in the autonomous ball mount, deal of rifles, the other can be installed in the rear recess of the yoke on the installation and fire through the armor closes cover vertical recess. Another two were installed in one small cannon towers in the two-seater with a 45-mm gun. On one machine gun was set in the frontal parts of the machine-gun towers in ball mount. Tanks recent series on the hatch gunner was established as an anti-aircraft turret U-40 machine gun DT, equipped with the shooting at air targets collimating sight (in this way, the total number of tank guns brought to the seven). ammunition was 10080 rounds in 160 Drum stores 63 each cartridge.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

Engine and transmission

In all of the T-35 was set four-cycle 12-cylinder V-shaped Carburetor aircraft engine M-17, license BMW VI develops maximum power 400 l. from. at 1450 vol. / min. In the course of modernization in 1936-1937 years the engine has been boosted to 580 l. from. Compression ratio - variable, It is different for the left and right cylinder blocks. The difference produced because the articulated rod mechanism (head and trailed rods); dry weight of the engine - 553 kg. The fuel used by gasoline brands B-70 and CB-70. Fuel supply - pressure, using the fuel pump. For injecting fuel into the suction pipe during the cold start there was a specially designed device - Atmos. Oil pump - gear type. Carburettors - two, type CD-1. Engine Cooling - Forced Water, by means of two radiators, installed on both sides of the engine, wherein the right and left radiators are not interchangeable.

Fuel tanks with a total capacity 910 l (capacity of two 320 l and one - 270 l) provide power reserve tank on the highway to 150 km.

Gearboxes, located in the transmission compartment, It provides four speeds forward and one back. On the gear housing installed starter for starting the engine. Besides, in the transmission compartment located multidisc (27 CDs) main clutch dry friction (Steel on Steel), multiple disc friction clutches with floating band brake and final drives with two pairs of cylindrical gears. There's also located on the PTO gearbox fan, sucking air for cooling radiators. Drive gearbox - from the engine crankshaft; at 1450 vol. / min. Crankshaft protect the fan speed 2850 vol. / min., which gave the performance of some 20 m³ of air per second.

Chassis

Caterpillar tracks consisted of eight (on each side) rubber-coated rollers of small diameter, six support rollers with rubber tires, guide wheels with the track tensioning screw mechanism, the driven rear wheels with removable gear rings and melkozvenchatye track chains with skeletal Tracians and hinge opening. Truckee connected fingers, locking via pins. Between the guide wheels and the front road wheels tension rollers were set, prevents deflections of the front branches caterpillars in overcoming vertical obstacles.

Suspension - blocked, two rollers in the trolley; cushioning - two coil springs. Chassis closed 10-mm armor shields. Tank overcome steep ascents to 36 °, moats width to 3,5 m, Vertical wall height 1,2 m, ford deep 1,2 m. Specific ground pressure was 0,78 kg / cm². At the same time, a large value of the ratio of length to width of the tank (more 3) adversely affecting its maneuverability.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

Suspension T-35

electrics

On the first machine is installed imported electric voltage 12 AT, but then, from 1934 of the year, switched to domestic equipment, voltage 24 AT. Power Generator - 1000 W. To illuminate the road at night tank had two folding headlights, snabzhёnnыe bronevыmy casings (similar to that used on the T-26 and T-28). For supply of sound signals had beep "SET" of the vibrator type.

observation and communication tools

Surveillance on T-35 is a simple peepholes, closed from the inside of the replaceable triplex glass blocks, provides protection from bullets, shell fragments and lead spatter firing armor-piercing bullets. One observation slit was located on the sides of the main tower, on the outer edge of the small cannon and machine-gun towers and cover the driver's hatch. Besides, the tank commander and commanders of small cannon towers possessed periscopic panoramic vision devices PTK, protected armored covers.

For external connection, all tanks T-35 equipped with radios, mounted in the rear recess of the main tower on the left (on the fly). In earlier releases tanks installed radio TC-71, Provides links to a distance of 18-20 km. FROM 1935 steel, on the tank 71 to establish the radio-TK-2 with increased up to 40-60 km range communication, but due to insecurity (radio constantly overheated) it has to 1936 year replaced the more advanced 71-TK-3, has become the most widespread armored radio station pre-war years. 71-TC-3 - receiving and transmitting, phone-telegrafnaya, simplex radio with amplitude modulation, in 4-5,625 MHz operating frequency range and providing the communication range in the telephone mode to move to 15 km and in the parking lot before 30 km, and the telegraph in the parking lot - up 50 km. Weight without radio antenna - 80 kg.

on machines, issued to 1935 , inclusive, We had problems with the electrical shielding, whereby there were strong interference. Later, due to blockage with the help of electrical capacitors from the majority managed to get rid of interference. The majority of T-35 was equipped with an antenna handrail type, only later release tanks with conical steel towers mounted whip antennas. For internal connection T-35 equipped with a tank intercom (tankofonom) TPU-6 per six crew members. In the first series of machines installed device type "Safari".

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

Soviet heavy tank T-35, stuck in a roadside ditch and thrown 28-29 June 1941 a year on the road Bird - Willow, in the north-eastern outskirts of the village of Willow Dubno district, Rivne region during the battle with the German 16th Panzer Division. Machine serial number 0200-0, release 1938 the year of the 67th Tank Regiment 34th Tank Division of the 8th Mechanized Corps of the Southwestern Front. German tank aboard applied inscription: "Please get everything" ("Please leave all" - the announcement of the final station)

Other

T-35 has settings for creating the smokescreen. Also at NVD tank could be installed.

Placing crew

In the process of production of the tank T-35 the number of crew members ranged from 11 to 9 human, Depending on the design of a particular series. Most often, the crew accommodation was as follows. In the main - top - tower, unified with the tank turret T-28, There were three crew members: tank commander (aka gunner), pulyemyotchik, and rear - radio operator (he is charging). The two towers with 45-mm cannon placed at two crew - gunner and gunner, in the machine-gun towers - one arrow. The main tower is fenced off from the rest of the crew compartment by a partition. The front and rear tower pairs communicate with each other. In front of the case between the caterpillars were driving compartment - there is housed a driver (Due to the strong protruding forward branches caterpillars, he had a very limited review, and often the car had to fight almost blind).

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

German officers on the armor of the Soviet T-35, thrown on the street Lviv city Grodek (Lviv region, Street Lviv - road section of Przemysl-Lviv in-dash Grodek). This machine from the 67th Tank Regiment 34th Tank Division of the 8th Mechanized Corps of the Southwestern Front. release tank 1939 year with conical towers and straight turret box, released 7 pcs (rooms with 744-61 by 744-67 inclusive). This tank has a serial number 744-62. Direct turret box was released in all 3 cars. The tank is left near the checkpoint of the military unit on the south side of the street of Lviv (According to local residents, after the war, there is also located a military unit). A car “was damaged, torn cut chafer and burned by friction clutches in the district of Grodek. The shells all shot, Machine made unusable. Armament shot ".

Upgrades and modifications

substantial modernization of the power plant and transmission units of the tank was carried out in 1936-1937 years the T-35. The engine has been boosted, bringing its capacity reached 580 HP. The changes affected also the gearbox, steering clutches, support systems of the engine and electrical. The muffler has been removed inside the casing, withdrawn outward but only exhausts. Also, the housing seals have been improved in order to prevent water from entering the machine while overcoming obstacles water fording. Besides, in order to improve the permeability of the tank has been slightly modified design of the bulwarks, and the thickness of the front body and the inclined bronelista flap of the driver has been brought to 50 mm. Modernization has allowed some increase reliability of heavy tanks and bring a guaranteed run of T-35A Release 1937 years before 2000 km (earlier machines had a guaranteed mileage of no more than 1500 km).

AT 1938 ABTU year discussed the possibility of replacing the tools of CT-28 by 76.2-mm gun L-10, Mounted on a new T-28. Ultimately, however, by replacing it was decided to abandon, CT-28 as it is up to the task, pinned on it when accompanied by the attacking infantry (destruction of unarmored targets, infantry and enemy firing points), and to fight with armored vehicles had two 45 mm 20K gun.

In the course of production and operation of the tank more than once attempted to somehow snivelirovat specific flaw T-35, adversely affecting its combat capabilities - the complexity of the command tank battle. The commander was hardly able to control the fire five towers, arranged in two tiers. Lack of visibility did not allow him to control the situation on the battlefield, with the result that the towers were commanders are forced to seek out and destroy targets. autumn - after a series of surveys for this problem, a very interesting solution was found 1935 , the Main Artillery Administration (GAU) commissioned ABTU started the elaboration of the installation possibilities in the tank T-35 towers centralized pickup system, roughly similar to those used in the Navy. Eventually, listeners Artillery Academy was developed armored artillery fire control unit (TPUAO), which is in the experimental procedure established on one of the tanks. In conjunction with TPUAO was set as 9-foot sea rangefinder «Barr & Stroud», Party which was purchased in the United Kingdom before the revolution. On the main turret there was a special command and observation turret and an armored cover for EDM.

During 1936 We have been conducting extensive testing machine, gave positive results in general - fire management and the truth has become more convenient and efficient. However, the ice broke and the specific problem - to serve the people needed TPUAO, who had a special education. Besides, the reliability of the device itself was not up to par. Finally, bulky and maloudobny rangefinder spoils the impression of the car. Eventually, Installation work on T-35 is a centralized route guidance system were suspended. AT 1938 year in development for some time back again, but they were soon closed completely - the report, provided in ABTU in 1938 year, It indicated, that such an alteration of the T-35 is inappropriate because of their small size, the high cost of the device itself and dubious combat value and unit, and the tank in modern mobile warfare.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

German soldier photographed the Soviet T-35, damaged and abandoned in the area Hryhorivka. The tank stood at the current street Thalmann city of Kharkov between houses 14 and 16. AT 1941 year, it was one of the suburbs of Kharkov - Hryhorivka. known, that summer 1941 , the plant №183 in Kharkov in anticipation of major repairs were five T-35. Four machines small repair was made, after which the tanks were sent into the anti-troop garrison city of Kharkiv. The car was hit during the battle with the division of the 57th Infantry Division 22 October 1941 of the year, but its course was able to leave the battlefield. invaded 24.10.41 5-th company of the 2nd Battalion, 179th Infantry Regiment, 57th Infantry Division. Tank with cylindrical towers, machine-gun towers without amplification, early silencer, one hatch in the main tower. Based on these grounds, and in the footsteps of the six antenna mount (earlier version), Tank released 1934 year. The serial number of the tank №148-30. The tank has already been partially dismantled, removing from it the section side skirts and middle towers.

T-sample 35A 1939 of the year

recent 10 T-35, issued in 1938-1939 year, We had significant differences from the previous series machines, most characteristic of which is conical form towers. Work towards improving the security of the tank began to KhPZ in late 1937 of the year, based on the experience of fighting the Spanish Civil War, The security in the light of which the T-35 is no longer consistent with heavy tanks. To avoid inordinate increase in the mass of the tank with an increase of its vulnerability of, Plant engineers engaged in the development of the tank towers conical shape, broneliste giving maximum possible angles.

By the middle 1938 year projects have been developed. Although at this point the question of the expediency of further release pyatibashennyh heavy tanks had already been raised in the UMM RKKA, a formal decision on the termination of their production have been reported, and the preparation of the issue in a series of machines has been launched 1938 year. AT 1938 , the first tank with conical towers was released (№ 234-34), and the last car (№ 744-67) series (which has become both the latest release of the T-35) He came off the stocks in June 1939 of the year.

Main tower T-35 sample 1939 year has been unified with the conical main turret of a medium tank T-28, the latest release. Part of the main towers (five tanks number 234-34, 234-35, 234-42, 744-61, 744-62) also got a full-time ball mount a machine gun in the rear recess. Medium and small tower is entirely self-supporting, although in general, besides conical shape, significant changes they have undergone.

In addition to the conical towers, new tanks received shorter side screen open the drive wheel (as the T-35A № 234-35 release 1938 of the year) and a modified form hatches access to the backup roll, which was reduced to the amount of 5. Besides, the thickness of the frontal armor plate was adjusted to 70 mm, and frontal towers detail - to 30 mm. The last three tank turret also received a box with beveled board bronelistami and rectangular hatches on-board screens.

first 3 machine series (№ 234-34, 234-35, 234-42) We receive antenna handrail around the perimeter of the main tower, however, the following T-35 sample 1939 year to give it up in favor of the pin.

Number of towers with conical tanks was 10 copies.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

SU-14 with 203-mm gaubitsey B-4

Cars, created on the basis of T-35

– Su-14 - an experimental heavy self-propelled artillery (HEALTHY), created on the basis of T-35. developed 1933 KB was under the direction of H. AT. Barykova. Instead of the towers on the tank installed ectopic aft spacious cabin, wherein accommodated 203mm howitzer sample 1931 of the year (B-4), engine-transmission compartment moved into the nose of the body. The crew was 7 human. AT 1934 It was built a pilot plant sample. AT 1940 , the screening was carried out and a number of smaller ACS upgrades, after which ACS received the designation Su-14-2

– SU-14-1 - experimental heavy self-propelled artillery (HEALTHY), development of design Su-14. AT 1936 It was built a pilot plant sample. Technical is close to the SU-14. According to the results of firing 203mm howitzer was replaced by 152.4 mm gun high power sample 1935 of the year (No. 2). AT 1940 year as well, i like SU-14, It was screened, then she received the name of Su-14-Sp2.

– T-112 - an experienced medium tank, represents the T-28 suspension, borrowed from heavy tank T-35. Designed KB Kirov factory under the guidance of M. Kotin in 1938 year. Not out of step DRAWINGS.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

Destroyed tank T-35 on the background of the German colony destroyed them

Service and combat use

Nominally-organizational structure

In the initial period of production of T-35 match operational and technical requirements, requirements for heavy tanks of the Red Army. Besides, in its firepower T-35 was the most powerful tank of the world. Three guns and five machine guns, located in the five rotating towers, provided a massive circular fire simultaneously in all directions, that the fight with the infantry in the depth of the enemy defense gave (in theory) certain benefits. However, this required an increase in crew, It has led to a complicated construction. Traction and dynamic quality machines were clearly inadequate, especially when turning. All this does not allow the full task, facing heavy tanks. The large number of towers led to the, that the commander could not effectively control the fire. Weak armor made vulnerable to a tank artillery, but because of the sheer size and low mobility of the tank is a great target.

It was clear, that requires a new concept of heavy tank. As part of this new concept were created experimental QMS tanks, T-100 and HF. The latter became the founder of the first Soviet series of successful heavy tanks.

The Great Patriotic War

TO 1941 year T-35 under strict Soviet standards obsolete, but with the weapons have not been removed. AT 1940 there were, in the Red Army 48 T-35, consisted in service 67 th and 68 th Tank Regiment 34th Tank Division of the Kiev PSB. The rest were at the disposal of military schools and repairing (2 tank - Wammen, 4 - 2nd Saratov BTU, 5 - to be repaired at the factory number 183). Besides, T-35-2 was, as an exhibit, BT in the museum in Kubinka, and T-35-1 was decommissioned in 1936 year. All the T-35, BEFORE the 34th Panzer Division, to the beginning of the war we were in the area of ​​Rava-Russian, and were lost in the first days of fighting. 21 June 1941 g. in the regiments of the 34th Panzer Division, stationed in gmina gródek-Jagiellonian, southwest of Lviv, on alert. Car refueled and brought to the ground for loading ammunition. During the fighting, all the T-35 the 8th Mechanized Corps were lost, the majority – for technical reasons: 8 left waiting for the middle and overhaul, 26 blown crews due to accidents (4 – engine, 8 – the main and steering clutches, 10 – CAT and 4 – final drive). Besides, two tanks got stuck in the swamp, and the two fell into the river. In the battle killed 6 tanks, another went missing with crew. Recently, the use of T-35 (2 cars) It noted during the Battle of Moscow. Interesting, that one can see many pictures of abandoned T-35, made by the Germans - tankers Panzerwaffe and ordinary soldiers loved to be photographed against the background of "hostile technology miracle".

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

Soviet heavy tank T-35 light tanks BT-7, lined near the highway Verba - Bird. In the foreground heavy tank T-35. This tank has a serial number 148-39, release 1934 of the year. For tank T-35 two lined tank BT-7. Machines from the 34th Armored Division of the 8th Mechanized Corps of the Southwestern Front. By moving the column of heavy track track traction Sd.Kfz.8 with German 211 mm mortars sample 1918 of the year (21 cm Mrs 18) reserve Oberkommando des Heeres.

trophy car

One T-35 first weeks of the war, fully serviceable and left, apparently, due to lack of fuel, It was sent by the German command to the tank training ground in Kummersdorf, which he has been carefully studied by German engineers. At the same time the Germans celebrated, that transporting the machine had problems - the tank did not fit in the rail clearance, and the shift lever was incredibly heavy and exhausting affair. The fate of the tank is not precisely known, although it is possible, that is associated with this instance of the last case of combat use of the T-35, referring to the end of April 1945 of the year. During the defense of Berlin one captured T-35 test site Zossen was included in the 4th Company of the 11th Tank Regiment Wehrmacht. As part of the company participated in the tank battles in the landfill area, where he soon was hit.

T-35 as a symbol of the military might of the Red Army

As mentioned, until the beginning of World War II T-35 did not participate in hostilities. Periodically, the T-35 used in military maneuvers, However, the main "battleground" of these machines have become Moscow and Kiev area, by which the tanks were a part of all the parades since 1933 years and until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. T-35 actually had a very formidable and impressive views, whereby power became visible embodiment RKKA. true, the number of tanks, took part in the parade, It was small enough. for example, 7 November 1940 Year parades brought all 20 machines (by 10 Moscow and Kiev).

Besides, tanks T-35 are shown in a number of campaign posters, dedicated to the Red Army. Interesting, that the T-35 image is present even in one of the posters 1943 of the year. At this time in the army for a long time there was not a T-35, but bristling with guns "land battleship" continued to perform its advocacy role, still personifying the power of the Red Army. Finally, simplified image of the T-35 was used in the design of the medal "For Courage".

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

German soldiers inspect a Soviet heavy tank T-35, stricken on the track Verba village - the village of Bird (Ukraine). Two white stripes on the tower - a tactical mark the 67th Tank Regiment 34th Tank Division of the 8th Mechanized Corps of the Southwestern Front. issue machine 1937 of the year, serial number №988-16. Extract from the act of writing-off: «№988-16 - hit and burned down during an attack in a. Bird 30 June ".

Evaluation of the machine

Since its inception, to the fire of the Great Patriotic War, the power of the T-35 was superior to all of the world tanks. The combination of the three guns and five to seven firing machine guns in all directions around the machine allowed to create a sea of ​​fire. But at the same towered layout, which was the culmination of the T-35, Tank made of little use to the conduct of actual combat.

The commander could not physically manage the fire five towers, and in a battle tank acted ineffectively. Bulky construction crew compartment entailed increasing the dimensions of the tank, making it an easy target, and at the same time deprived of any kind was a reserve at strengthening reservation. But even with anti-armor "land battleship" weighed fifty tons, causing the engine to operate at maximum capacity, and even at this limit M-17T could not disperse the car speed to an acceptable: moving speed in the battle tank usually not exceed 8-10 km / h. In combination with the enormous size and poor armor is further increased the vulnerability of the tank.

However, Wehrmacht almost did not get to experience the firepower of the T-35 - instead of the German tanks, the main enemy of "thirty-fifth" had their own technical defects and general unreliability - the result of all the drawbacks listed above. long march, who had to make the 34th Panzer Division, It was T-35 deadly.

The justification is the fact, that never in all the time of its existence, the tanks T-35 is not used for its intended purpose - support of infantry in breaking the enemy's fortified line. maybe, in such circumstances, the T-35 would be more effective, but in the summer 1941 the 34th Division before any storms was too far.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

The graves of German soldiers on the background of the Soviet heavy tank T-35, downed on the track Verba village - a village Bird (Ukraine). Two white stripes on the tower - a tactical mark the 67th Tank Regiment 34th Tank Division of the 8th Mechanized Corps of the Southwestern Front. issue machine 1937 of the year, serial number №988-16. Extract from the act of writing-off: «№988-16 - hit and burned down during an attack in a. Bird 30 June ".

Comparison with foreign analogues

While the concept towered heavy tanks in general it was originally a deadlock, its designers have many years addicted to many countries, had developed armor. However, the result was approximately the same for all: engineering and low-volume production of steel "dinosaurs" and, in some cases, failure of their use in combat.

Progenitor of the "land dreadnoughts" can be considered a French heavy tank Char 2C. Development began in his World War I, at 1917 year. And already in 1919 It was supposed to be released 300 units, However, in connection with the termination of hostilities production was sharply curtailed. As a result,, to 1923 We produced all year 10 2C type tanks. Armament consisted of 75-mm guns and machine guns and several housed in two towers (gun in front and behind the machine-gun) and pistol ports. As for standards 1917 year quite progressive machine, to the beginning of the thirties the tank is completely outdated both morally, and technically. Here and in the wrong location of the two towers in one tier, excludes circular firing, and the huge size of the machine, and low throughput and reliability. Take part in the fighting of the Second World, they did not have time - France capitulated, when more tanks moved to the front rail, where they are within a few hours and destroyed the Luftwaffe.

There is an opinion, that a considerable influence on the development of the T-35 had an acquaintance of Soviet engineers with British heavy tank project A1E1 «Independent» (angl.- with "Independent"). This machine was created in 1926 year, with an eye on the experience of the French 2C, but thanks to a more rational layout to avoid some shortcomings of the last. Armament was located in five towers. Placing all the guns in four turrets of the same type, grouped around the main tower of a circular fire with 47 mm cannon, significantly increased the flexibility of the fire and allowed to target the same object at least two machine guns and cannon. The use of such a scheme placing arms in T-35 structure reinforces the version outlined above. But anyway, A1E1 «Independent» has not been adopted by and did not go into series, that retains the T-35 the laurels of the world's only serial pyatibashennogo tank.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

German soldiers photographed on the armor of the Soviet heavy tank T-35, abandoned in the village of White Stone Zolochiv district, Lviv region. According to the act on the T-35 lost the 34th Panzer Division, Tank №183-3 «Motor Accident. Tank crew by White-Kamenka 30.6. Arms and ammunition from the machine removed and buried ". According to the characteristic features of manufacture Machine 1936 of the year. The tank of the 67th Tank Regiment 34th Tank Division of the 8th Mechanized Corps of the Southwestern Front.

As for Germany, in the mid-1930s the company "Rheinmetall-Borsig" and "Krupp" built a small batch of heavy tanks trohbashennyh NbFz. Two twin caliber gun 75 and 37 mm were installed in the central tower circular rotation. The second tier of arms formed two small, diagonally spaced towers with twin machine guns. The machine is a compact and relatively light (Total 35 t), which significantly increases its mobility - the speed reached 35 kmh. However, the book of the tank could not withstand not only the anti-tank artillery of the time, but even anti-tank guns.

English and German design had an impact on the Japanese heavy tank "Type 95", created 1932 year. The machine had enough powerful weapons: 70-mm in the main gun turret and 37 mm in a tower of smaller size, installed on the left front. A characteristic feature of the "Type 95" was a machine-gun turret in the rear of the back of the power pack. However, from the stage of prototype tank was never released.

However, these machines were not successful and once again proved a dead end towered layout. The only relative to the best use of such a model layout scheme may assume trohbashenny Soviet medium tank T-28.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

Soviet heavy tank T-35 release 1937 the year of the 67th Tank Regiment 34th Tank Division of the 8th Mechanized Corps of the Southwestern Front, padded 30 June 1941 year on the track Verba village - the village of Bird. The machine is moved to the sidelines, not to interfere with the passage of. The serial number of the tank №988-16. Extract from the act of writing-off: «№988-16 - hit and burned down during an attack in a. Bird 30 June ".

preserved specimens

As of 2016 year, known existence of a single instance of surviving T-35:

– Russia - Kubinka Tank Museum. In the museum presented T-35 № 0197-7, from 1938 the year was in the Kazan tank school and was not involved in the hostilities of World War II. In July 2014 , the tank took part in military-historical festival "Battlefield 2014", held in Dubosekovo.

Besides, It created a museum replica tank:

– Russia - Museum of military equipment "Battle Glory of the Urals". Recreated by original drawings and photographs on the site repair and restoration of military equipment and vintage cars of "Uralelectromed" with the assistance of the capital and restorers 19 January 2016 year placed in the museum.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

T-35, abandoned by the crew due to a fault. Western Ukraine, July 1941 g.

Performance characteristics of the T-35

Crew, pers.: 11
developer: OKMO
Manufacturer: KhPZ
years of production: 1932—1939
years of operation: 1932—1941
The layout: pyatibashennaya, classical
The number of issued, PC.: 2 prototype; 59 serial

Weight T-35

– 50 tonnes

Dimensions T-35

– body Length, mm: 9720
– housing width, mm: 3200
– Height, mm: 3430
– Clearance, mm: 530

Bumper T-35

– Type broni: steel rolled homogeneous
– housing forehead, mm / city.: 30
– housing forehead (top), mm / city.: 50
– housing forehead (middle), mm / city.: 20
– housing forehead (through), mm / city.: 20
– body board, mm / city.: 20
– body board (top), mm / city.: 20
– body board (through), mm / city.: 20 + 10 (bulwark)
– housing feed, mm / city.: 20
– Bottom, mm: 10—20
– corps roof, mm: 10
– tower forehead, mm / city.: 15
– board towers, mm / city.: 20
– tower feed, mm / city.: 20
– tower roof, mm: 10—15

Arming T-35

– Caliber guns and stamp: 1 × 76,2-mm CT-28; 2 × 45mm 20K
– gun type: nareznaya
– barrel length, calibres: 16,5 for CT-28; 46 for 20K
– gun ammunition: 96 for CT-28; 226 for 20K
– sights: PT-1 mod. 1932 g. TOP Countdown. 1930 g.
– Shotgun: 6-7 × 7,62-mm DT, 10080 rounds

Engine T-35

– engine's type: V-shaped 12-cylinder four-cycle carburettor liquid cooling M-17L
– Engine power, l. from.: 500 at 1445 vol. / min.

The rate of T-35

– Road speed, kmh: 28,9
– Speed ​​over rough terrain, kmh: 14

– Cruising on the highway, km: 100
– Cruising cross country, km: 80—90
– power density, l. p. / m: 10
– suspension type: semi-detached pairs, horizontal springs
– Unit ground pressure, kg / cm²: 0,78
– Gradeability, city.: 20
– to overcome the wall, m: 1,2
– trench, m: 3,5
– fording, m: 1

Photo T-35

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

Soviet heavy tank T-35, thrown on the road Lviv - Busk, near the village Zhidatichi (Now's Capella Gamalievka) Pustomyty district, Lviv region. The car of the 34th Tank Division of the 8th Mechanized Corps of the Southwestern Front.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

Soviet heavy tank T-35, thrown on the highway Zolochiv-Ternopil, having passed the village plow. Tank with serial number 744-63 of the 68th Tank Regiment 34th Tank Division of the 8th Mechanized Corps of the Southwestern Front. A tank provided with a mark of recognition of the air (triangles). According to the act on the losses of the 68th Tank Regiment: "T-35 №744-63 - Jamming of pistons in the engine. The tank is left in the way of Zlocheva in Tarnopol 1 July. Firing mechanism and machine guns removed from the machine and transferred to the transport vehicles division ". Tank with conic towers. Machine gun in the rear recess of the main tower is absent. Vertical turret wall box. Vehicle with similar characteristics has been released in the single copy. This tank is known for pictures with military parade 1 May 1941 on Red Square (clearly visible the same bend in front of the right nadgusenichnoy shelves).

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

German soldiers see the Soviet heavy tank T-35, left and undermine crew on the eastern outskirts of the city near Kharkov experimental selhozstantsii, near the place, where Stalin Avenue (now the Moscow avenue) crossing the highway in Chuguyivske. The tank was moving east towards Chugueva. This is one of the four T-35, participated in the defense of the city in October 1941 of the year. The tank is seen caused tactical sign German 100 Light Infantry Division (the letter «S» and the image tree). Tank with cylindrical towers, on the main tower of eight fixtures to install handrail antenna and one hatch, machine-gun towers with no additional booking, early type muffler. According to the characteristic features of manufacture Machine 1936 of the year. tank №220-28. known, that summer 1941 g. factory №183 in Kharkov in anticipation of major repairs were five T-35. Four machines small repair was made and then the tanks were sent into the anti-troop garrison city of Kharkiv.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

Heavy tank T-35, abandoned due to a fault on the road Sasov - in Zolochev 1,5 Elihovichi km from the village in the direction Sasova (Zolochiv district Lviv region). This machine from the 67th Tank Regiment 34th Tank Division of the 8th Mechanized Corps of the Southwestern Front. According to the act on the T-35 lost 34 Panzer tank №200-5: "7.3.41 g. crashed. work. lane. lane. burned the brake band, made unusable, arms lifted in the district of Złoczew ". Tank with cylindrical towers, antenna on 8 supports, machine-gun turret with enhanced reservation, two hatches in the main tower, late silencer, Hatch Driver bivalve, hatches early access to transmission. Likely Years - 1936-1938.

 Tank T-35 of TTX, Video, A photo, Speed, armor

Soviet heavy tank T-35, thrown in the street Lviv city Grodek (Street Lviv - road section of Przemysl-Lviv in-dash Grodek). Tank dumped on the roadside in front of the two-story brick house with a star - commanders of the house. The car was moving east. The machine of the 67th Tank Regiment 34th Tank Division of the 8th Mechanized Corps of the Southwestern Front. Tank with cylindrical towers, antenna on eight pillars, principal later type tower (two hatches, two vertical strips), machine-gun towers without amplification, late-type muffler, Hatch Driver bivalve. Likely Years - 1937 or start 1938.

 

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