Bukeyhanov Direction Nurmuhamedoviç (1866 – 1937 gg.) – prominent Kazakh politician, Alash movement leader, the first in the history of Kazakh-economist, teacher, journalist, ethnographer. He was a Commissioner of the Provisional Government of Kazakhstan (1917 city), Prime Minister Alash Autonomy with 1917 by 1920 gg.
By birth belonged to the Kazakh aristocracy "ak-suyek" and had roots, going back to the sort of Genghis Khan. AT 1881 – 1886 gg. Karkaralinsk studied in a three-class city school, He graduated from Omsk Technical School (1886 – 1890 gg.), Economics Faculty of the St. Petersburg Imperial Forestry Institute (1890 – 1894 gg.) and the Faculty of Law (extern) St. Petersburg State University.
A. n. Bukeikhanov - one of the most famous researchers of folk life in Kazakhstan, scientist.
The multinational nature of the Russian Empire gave rise to the idea of federalism - the spokesman of them and became A. n. Bukeikhanov, although consider themselves to be "Western currents" of the Kazakh intelligentsia movement.
AT 1905 g. he joined the Constitutional-Democratic Party of Russia (Cadets) and held a meeting in Semey and Uralsk – with a view to the organization of the Kazakh branch of the party. Software installation Cadets – cultural autonomy, and not the right of nations to self-determination – and the purpose of the Kazakh elite leaders was to create a part of the Kazakh autonomy Russia.
25 July 1905 g. near Mr.. Karkaraly was held Kazakh Congress, 14,5 thousand. participants who petitioned the imperial government, requiring: Kazakhs to recognize the ownership of the land, law enforcement Muslim religious rites, conduct of judicial proceedings in the Kazakh language, freedom of conscience, education Kazakh children along with the Russian and the native Kazakh language, the establishment of Kazakh newspaper, Steppe reconsider position, allowing the Kazakhs to the supreme bodies of state power, etc..
In November 1905 g. He participated in the All-Russian Congress of urban and agrarian leaders, where at a meeting on November 12, he delivered a speech about the state of the Kazakh people. And the leaders of the movement. Bukeikhanov, B. Karataev and their associates in December 1905 g. Congress held in Uralsk Kazakh population of the five areas of the delegates, where they tried to create the Kyrgyz Constitutional-Democratic Party Alash – as a branch of Constitutional-Democratic Party of Russia.
In January 1906 g. Cadet Party department was established in Semipalatinsk. The meetings of electors of the city took part, and A. n. Bukeikhanov. 30 April Omsk Committee of the Cadet Party was established, which created the Office for the election campaign to the State Duma. At the general meeting of the Omsk Cadet 14 A May. n. Bukeikhanov was nominated for the electors to the State Duma, but by a vote I received only 12 vote and not passed. But the election results were contested, and they were held again – by the decision of the provincial Commission already during the Duma. In early June, the electors gathered in Semey. All of them are put forward for deputies A. n. Bukeikhanov. 10 June, he addressed the electors outlining Cadet Program. The meeting approved its, and decided to join the party platform. 175 votes to one A. n. Bukeikhanov was elected to the State Duma of the 1st convocation of the Semipalatinsk region.
A. Bukeikhanov in 1906 g.
But by order of the Governor-General of the Omsk A. n. Bukeikhanov for three months without trial was concluded in Pavlodar prison. By the time of his arrival in St. Petersburg after being released, Duma has ceased operations. After the dissolution of the Duma about 200 her deputies gathered in Finland (g. Vyborg), to protest imperial decree dissolving the Duma. 180 MPs signed "Vyborg appeal", and it was among the signatories and A. n. Bukeikhanov. And the decision of the District Court of St. Petersburg, he was jailed and later exiled to Samara. But the heaviest blow was for him, that he was denied the right to participate in the elections as a candidate.
During this period, A. n. Bukeikhanov stepped up its activities in the field of journalism and science. A member of the Samara gubkomiteta (established in August 1915 city) A People's Freedom Party. n. Bukejhanov - mason (It was a Masonic lodge "Cermak"). spring 1913 g. together with A. Baitursynov and M. Dulatova proceed to publication of the newspaper "Kazakh", at 1914 g. He speaks at the "Muslim Congress" Peoples of Russia. AT 1916 g. A. n. Bukeikhanov voiced the idea of zemstvo as the local authority, existing in cooperation with the central power – one of the main elements of its political program.
A. Bukeikhanov among Russian Freemasons.
A. n. Bukeikhanov had high hopes for the February Revolution 1917 g. in gaining autonomy, but the interim government has denied Kazakh people. In response, in May 1917 g. A. n. Bukeikhanov comes out of the Cadet Party, and participates in the congress of the Siberian autonomists in g. Tomsk. Tomsk Congress gave "good" creation of the Kazakh autonomy, subordinate to the Siberian Government.
A. n. Bukeikhanov named three major differences with party-the Cadets – on the question of national autonomy, about the relationship between state and religion, as well as the private ownership of land. Alashisty, as the Russian Mensheviks, thought, that there may be harmony of interests of different classes in a democratic society within the framework of the rule of law. Federation - for the Kazakh elite, the optimal form of the relationship of national-territorial organizations and Center.
A. n. Bukeikhanov appointed a member of the Turkestan Committee and Commissar of the Provisional Government of Turgay region.
After the February Revolution occurred institutionalization of Alash movement as an independent party (July 1917 city) and the collapse of the national movement at the national and religious Westernising.
A. n. Bukeikhanov immediately accepted for the legal organization of the 1st Kazakh political party Alash. In July 1917 g. Orenburg under the auspices of A chieftain. AND. I took Dutova Vsekirgizsky (Obschekazahsky) congress. It was formulated demand for the creation of the Kazakh national-territorial autonomy within Russia. At this congress began the transformation of the Kazakh national movement into a party. The party was a Cadet orientation, with a strong social bias. Soon the party's program was developed by the project, consisting of 10 sections. The main objective of the program was the creation of the Kazakh autonomy within the Russian federal democratic republic.
Alash party and the Cadets were in favor of the introduction Zemstvos in the regions, and the Provisional Government in June 1917 g. It decided to introduce zemstvos in Siberia and Akmola, Semïpalatïnskoy, Semireçenskoy, Turgay and Ural regions. At this stage, both movements perceive each other as adherents, We were in agreement on fundamental issues. Alash raises two problems: the liberation of the Kazakh people of the alleged "colonial" depending, fight against "social and economic backwardness".
in the national movement at this time began to quickly identify trends, And the essence of which predicted. n. Bukeikhanov, – secular and democratic Muslim, as well as the radical left (supported the Bolsheviks) in the face of the party "Ushzhuz". Oblastniki Siberian and Kazakh Democrats still defended the federalization of Russia, but in each region began a rapid organizational and political processes. A. n. Bukeikhanov in December 1917 g. through the newspaper "Kazakh" explained his position – under the banner of Alash create national autonomy.
Until the end 1917 g. and oblastniki, Alash and did not dare to dissociate, allowing the combination of territorial and national approaches to the federalization of Russia and Siberia itself, providing for the inclusion of Kazakh lands in the Siberian regional autonomy. A. n. Bukeikhanov reported: "Self-determination do we want to get along with Siberia". However, he played for the territorial consolidation of the Kazakh lands in the Siberian autonomy on the basis of their economic specifics. In the debate over federalism and of autonomy, he also called for interethnic integration in Siberia outside the party restrictions. 16 October 1917 g. delegates adopted a resolution "Regional unit of Siberia". Recognizing the unity of the Russian Republic, document required for its parts "national or territorial autonomy". Congress called for the formation of "extraterritorial autonomous unions as part of Siberian autonomy, which was supposed to enter the territory east of the Urals to the inclusion of all Kyrgyz edge at the free will of the population inhabiting these limits ".
Speaking in November 1917 g. Semipalatinsk in connection with the election campaign for the Constituent Assembly, A. n. Bukeikhanov stressed, that in the Russian autonomies can be based on either the unity of blood, or farm, any territory. For a basis it is necessary to take all the, he thought, common territory, but because – "Kazakhs profitable entry into the Siberian autonomy". He did not refuse to autonomy as a goal, but I do not consider it possible to rush to "separate the Kazakh autonomy", because at the moment the administrative staff is not enough. The Duma Siberian Kazakhs, he noted, together with Yakuts and Buryats occupy a worthy place.
The draft program of the party Alash, published 21 November 1917 city, pointed, that Russia should be a federal democratic republic with a presidential form of government and universal suffrage, the legislative power should belong to the State Duma. Superiority Alash ideas among indigenous confirm the results of elections in the Russian Constituent Assembly. In particular, at Semipalatinsk county list Alash scored the highest number of votes – 85,6% (directly g. Semey – 33,3%). And, if the county 3 these places were consistently SRs, Cossacks and Bolsheviks, in the past the city turned out to be only the 5th place (beating, and the relatively, only in Semipalatinsk garrison - typing 51,3% votes). In the Ural and Turgai districts list received by Alash 75% votes. And just a Constituent Assembly was elected 43 alašista.
According to the party's program, adopted in December 1917 g. at the II All-Kazakh Congress in Orenburg, a form of government in the future Alash Autonomy should reflect the national characteristics of the Kazakh people. All Kazakh region of Russia were declared autonomy "Alash".
But the October Revolution 1917 g. radically changed the situation in the country, and the region. A. n. Bukeikhanov believed in action. AND. Lenin and the Bolshevik seizure of power by armed – illegal. With the conviction of the latter he made in his article "common Siberian Congress", in the newspaper "Sary-Arka". Alash Party proceeded to the actual implementation of autonomist units.
To form the battery state Kazakh 5 – 13 December 1917 g. Orenburg gathered 2nd Congress Obschekirgizsky. The Congress decided to establish "territorial and national autonomy of Kazakhs" – State Alash Orda. Congress delegates explained the need for the autonomy of the central government paralysis and rampant anarchy. Congress wanted to see a democratic Russia, federated, with presidential rule. Kazakh autonomy was on a par with other nations to join Russia. Kazakhs were to be provided with equal rights, organization of proceedings in their native language, Income tax is progressive, disestablishment. And Autonomy should unite a region with a solid ruling Kazakh population. Congress decided, that the control edge has a provisional government called the National Council of Alash Orda. The government's main task was to convene a Constituent Assembly autonomy. In his discussion I had to be imposed Constitution edge project. In this case, it was not about the allocation of Kazakhstan from Russia. conversely, highlighted, Alash Orda that the Constitution must approve the Russian Constituent Assembly, and the legal system of Kazakhstan must fully comply with the laws of Russia. Congress decided, that the composition should include Autonomy: Bukeevskaya Bratislava, Ural, Turgayskaya, North, Semïpalatïnskaya. Syrdarya region and district of the Altai province and the Trans-Caspian region, inhabited by Kazakhs. Alash Orda had to take the executive power over the Kazakh population.
A. Bukeikhanov – member of the Organizing Bureau to convene the Congress, He also became chairman (President) National Council Alash Orda.
Alash rejected the slogans of the October Revolution 1917 city, proclaimed at the II All-Russia Congress of Soviets. In this context, revealing memo, developed "Alash" party leader and addressed to farmers, workers and soldiers, in which the leader of the proletariat in. AND. Lenin was accused of sole dictatorship – because the, dispersed the Constituent Assembly, he "Tsar Nicholas, He does not want to give the report to anyone ".
However, the leaders of Alash tried to achieve recognition of the autonomy of the Kazakh Soviet power. spring 1918 g. Moscow went Alash Orda delegation. During the negotiations the representatives of the RSFSR demanded recognition of the Alash Orda government councils. As it was not possible to reach a compromise during negotiations.
Upon his return to Kazakhstan Alash leaders openly opposed the Soviet power and began to prepare for its overthrow. In summer 1918 g. Soviet power has fallen almost the entire territory of Kazakhstan and proclaimed the establishment of the state Alash Orda. On the territory of the self-proclaimed autonomy introduce laws of the Provisional Government 1917 g. Capital of the new autonomy became Semipalatinsk. In the areas of regional governments were created – otdelenïya Alash Orda. On the ground, the power function was performed by the Zemstvo and municipal governments. The formation of the Kazakh National Army.
AT 1918 g. Alash Orda government issued a number of orders, regulating land use basics, is in correspondence with other autonomies. It is in the midst of the Civil War, his troops are taking part in military operations against the Bolsheviks.
With the onset of full-blown civil war autonomist authors programs ethnic regions of the former empire could find a foothold only if the connection to one of the main conflicting forces. Not by chance in September 1918 g. A. n. Bukeikhanov said at a meeting in Ufa, that the organization, from which he speaks - not representatives of separatism, as part of a unified Russia. He emphasized the unity of a federal democratic republic of the Russian, Noting, "we think of ourselves as just a part of a unified Russia. … recognize, that power in Russia should belong to the authority, who is elected by the whole of Russia on the basis of universal suffrage ".
In the Alash Orda government during the Civil War began to cooperate with the anti-Bolshevik forces, hoping to use them to achieve the final goal – the creation of the Kazakh national state as an autonomous. Leaders of Alash Orda established contacts with the Cossack Ataman A. Dutov, Committee of the Constituent Assembly in Samara, Siberian Provisional Government in Omsk. From contacts and compromises alashordintsy switched to union with white.
T. about., A. n. Bukeikhanov alashordintsy and were on the same side with Siberian governments until the end 1919 g.
Government agencies Alash Orda to establish life and to stabilize the social situation in the region could not. Every month growing economic and social difficulties. The Red Army's victory contributed to the disorganization of the social life of the Kazakh autonomy and led to changes in the political orientation of its leadership. As the defeat of the anti-Bolshevik forces in 1919 g. The Government of Alash Orda, seeking to preserve an autonomous state, again tried to negotiate with the leadership of the RSFSR.
spring 1919 g. Kazakh delegation of politicians again came to Moscow for talks on the terms of preserving the autonomy. However, this idea was doomed.
In March 1920 g. Government Alash Orda and all his subordinate agencies were eliminated by the Kyrgyz revolutionary committee, and its members were persecuted and repressed. The territory of Kazakhstan became a member of the Kirghiz SSR, formed 26 August 1920 g. A. n. Bukeikhanov was forced to withdraw from active public-political activities.
A transition. n. Bukeikhanov on the winning side of Soviet power was dictated by the desire to preserve national rights of the Kazakh people. "Compromise of Bolshevism and nationalism" in early 1920 was necessary and the Bolsheviks, to gain a foothold in Kazakhstan. However ideological differences between the party and the Bolsheviks Alash, clearly manifested during the Civil War, We made it unviable. The proclamation of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in October 1920 g. was met with the leaders of Alash Orda positive, because the fact of the ad Republics of Kazakhstan created a precedent for the revival of the Kazakh statehood.
AT 20-30 gg. A. n. Bukeikhanov, because the idea of Soviet power of autonomy is not rejected, I found it possible to work on a legal basis in the sphere of culture. After the amnesty to former Central Executive Committee alashordyntsam he moved to the publishing work. AT 1920 g. He was invited to the Congress of Soviets of the Kazakh SSR as guest of honor. FROM 1922 by 1927 gg. It was the literary staff of the Kazakh section of the USSR Tsentrizdatelstva. AT 1922 g. and 1926 g. He accused of counterrevolutionary activity, but due to lack of evidence he was released.
In August 1937 g. He was again arrested for "counter-revolutionary activities against the Soviet regime and the establishment of ties with the leaders of the terrorist center in Moscow and in Kazakhstan" and imprisoned in the Butyrka prison. 27 September the Military Collegium of the USSR Supreme sentenced A. n. Bukeikhanov to capital punishment.
A. Bukeikhanov in 1937 g.
The Plenum of the USSR Supreme Soviet 16 May 1989 city, Having considered the protest of the Prosecutor General of the USSR in the case of A. n. Bukeikhanov, declared unfounded the charges against him.
A political views. n. Bukeikhanov developed in close connection with the Kazakh people and interests in connection with changes in the internal political situation in Russia, has undergone a significant evolution. For him important were as democratic freedoms, and the Kazakh people to self-determination, social justice, the solution of the agrarian question - and in favor of most of the Kazakhs. Although the Kadet Party A. n. Bukeikhanov was about 12 years, many positions it glances to the settings of the party did not coincide. Therefore, in July 1917 g. leaving the cadet ranks, A. n. Bukeikhanov and started to create the PDP Alash, which is based on the program laid down resolution Kazakh Congress 21 – 28 July 1917 g. Orenburg. The project included the installation of the party program, in many ways similar to the SR, and, partially, the Social Democrats (in t. no. Mensheviks).
One of the key tasks of the national-liberation movement A. n. Bukeikhanov Kazakhs consider implementation of the right to national self-determination - but only as a national-territorial autonomy, located within the Russian Federal Democratic Republic. Realizing the complexity of autonomy in terms 1917 city, and during the outbreak of the Civil War, A. n. Bukeikhanov was forced to maneuver between the major political forces. Kazakh population scattered over a vast territory, contradiction with the Cossacks and peasants-immigrants, territorial and administrative fragmentation (Before the revolution the territory of Kazakhstan was divided into 3 Governor-General - Turkestan, Steppe and Orenburg, whereas bukey horde subordinated to the Astrakhan governor, and Mangyshlak County - Transcaspian) - also impose a significant imprint.
The weakness of the movement, opposing the Red Army, A forced. Bukeikhanov, as the head of Alash Orda, seek support from the Ufa director of the Siberian autonomist, Samara Komuch and even A. AT. Kolchak, speaking "For one and indivisible Russia".
And so it, that the national-territorial autonomy of the Kazakhs achieved already by the Bolsheviks - and its formation and the contribution made by participants of the party Alash. A A. n. Bukeikhanov once mentioned: "Soviet authorities to recognize, but I do not like ".
Many political and legal ideas of A. n. Bukeikhanov objective are embodied in the modern Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
literature
Vyborg process. SPb., 1908.;
Seitov E. A. n. Bukeikhanov as a historian and political activist: Kand. thesis. Almaty, 1996.
A Mamraeva. TO. Social and political development of Kazakhstan the beginning of XX century and A. Bukeikhanov. Almaty, 1998.
she Political activity and political and legal views A. Bukeikhanov. than, 1998.
speech Bukeikhanov. // The liberal movement in Russia. 1902-1905 gg. M.: ROSSPEN. 2001.
The State Duma of the Russian Empire, 1906 – 1917: Encyclopedia. M: ROSSPEN, 2008.
