MUFFLER COLONEL Humbert
AT 1884 Weil, the French chemist invented smokeless (piroksilinovyi) powder. Two years later in France was adopted by the Lebel rifle, created under the cartridge with smokeless powder. A new era in the history of small arms, and with it, the work on the devices to suppress vystrela.Pionerom sound in this case is considered to be a French Colonel Humbert. His "instrument for silent shooting", he constructed as the battle nozzle, screwed onto the end of the barrel. Inside the nozzle was a ball, lying below the barrel. When fired, the bullet flew freely. But the move after her powder gases picked up the ball, it is rolled on an inclined wall of the nozzle and is tightly plugged outlet silencer. Gases are trapped in the barrel. They could only slowly stravlyatsya hair through the holes in the rear wall to glushitelya.Kazalos, all is well. In fact, at the silencer Humbert has revealed serious flaws fatally. It turned, the camera quickly clogged, and ball valve loses density. Muffler could only act in the event, if the weapon is in the horizontal position. When firing up or down the ball before firing a closed barrel rifle, or outlet nozzle hole. And it threatened to break barrel.
The inventor of the first muffler was only partially suppress the sound. The noise of the shot was still quite strong. For these reasons, the French use of the device is not Colonel poluchilo.Proshel year after, like Humbert announced his invention, and two Danish armourer Borrensen Sigbersen and took out a patent on a completely different muffler (expansion) type. However, Danes was expressed only very idea. Required even put it into real, Good action konstruktsiyu.Eto happened, when the work came from the famous inventor Hiram Maxim machine gun and his son. From year to year they have improved a silencer. And in 1910 by Maxim Jr. Company for the production of sound suppressors was founded. They had commercial success and are widely sold in many stranah.Glushitel Maxim was a muzzle attachment, which had a cylindrical shape. After firing, the powder gases expand and cool it, lost energy, and therefore went outside more or less quietly. Along the way, he played the role of the expansion silencer and flame arrester.
Coup in the hunting world
It may seem strange, but the first to appreciate the sound suppressors Maksimovskiy not military, and hunters. They mufflers were nuzhnee.Vo World War silencers in the armed forces have not been claimed. They are not needed and the Red Army in the 30s. Only during World War II began military service sound suppressors. We in the army was very popular silencer called "Bram", designed by the brothers Mitin (hence the abbreviated name of the device). Produced "Bram" standard, in thousands of copies.
Ingenious LABYRINTH
Single-chamber muffler, the easiest on the device and ineffective. Designers soon came to the conclusion, that in order to improve the expansion of the muffler housing must be divided into several chambers by transverse partitions, diaphragms (metal, skin, plasty) with holes for the passage of the bullet. The more of these partitions, the pressure decreases energetic propellant gases, moving from cell to cell, and, Consequently, the quieter the sound vystrela.Pravda, this applies only to gas, going after the bullet. powder gases, to break through to the exit before the bullet, It will continue to be a loud noise. To prevent a breakthrough, instead of partitions apertured give elastic membrane with slits. After the bullet passage slots are closed again. Or install blind walls. Bullet pierces them, and the gases are retained in the cells and then calmly, silently follow in atmosferu.Vystrel of arms with multi-chamber silencer expansion of volume similar to Cotton deaf. Who will notice it on the street, among urban noise, the bo-Lee, in the stairwell of a multi-storey house?
But this result is achieved at the cost of losses. Part of the energy spent on the bullet pass through the back of the diaphragm, its speed is reduced. Deteriorating precision and accuracy of fire. Only by careful, labor-intensive calculations, taking into account all the subtleties of dynamic processes, occurring in small cells sound suppressor, manages to make it quite effektivnym.Deystvennost muffler can be improved also by the shape of the diaphragms: funnel, helical, spiral. Such diaphragm cells produce a silencing complex vortices, opposing waves, multiple collisions of the gas particles, what, naturally, It leads to rapid quenching of the energy of the gas chambers of the muffler potoka.V, kromye diaphragm, often installed and heat sinks in the form of fine aluminum mesh or chips. gas, giving them warmth, rather cool. this, in its turn, results in a pressure drop. Unfortunately, modern silencers device short-lived. Aperture them wear out quickly, fail. With frequent shots pressure chambers and heat sink temperature rise. As a result, after a few turns of the silent weapons is becoming the most common, shumnym.Primerom domestic silencer expansion type can serve as a "silent shooting device" -PBS-for Kalashnikov rifles. It reduces noise levels twenty times and allows you to perform up to two hundred silent shots.
TWO IN ONE
Best muzzle silencers reduce the volume of shots from a pistol at five hundred times. It is very much. Practically remains unpaid a knock, occurs when recharging. We rifles and machine worse results, suppress the sound they trudnee.Rabotaya over silencers expansion type, designers thought about the question: why not make a sound suppressor in the form of devices, closely integrated with the weapon, makes with it one structural unit? This could significantly increase the efficiency of silencing action. So there were sound suppressors, called "integrated", that is inextricably linked with their oruzhiem.Glavnaya feature is a preliminary removal of powder gases from the barrel. To do this, in the trunk of a number of small holes are drilled, through which gases, pushing the bullet, are located in the rear muffler expansion chamber. The front part of the same, as usual, divided diafragmami.Predvaritelny selection of gases to reduce the velocity bullets, make this a subsonic speed, thereby to prevent occurrence of the shock wave and the associated thunder. Integrated silencers are also given the opportunity to reduce the length of the weapon, glushitelnoe since the device is located around the barrel and only slightly protrudes beyond. Yes, and they suppress the sound is much stronger, than muzzle.
But, as is known, should pay for everything. Pre-selection of propellant gases reduces power shot. Caring for the combined silencers harder, than removable, muzzle. Integrated weapon is a more complicated. Yet pereveshivayut.Segodnya dignity in the world has a lot of integrated weapons. We, eg, a special sniper rifle BCC and the AU Special Machine. They, having passed military check in Afghan war, It was adopted by the reconnaissance and sabotage units of the army, special services, secret agents. Rifle and machine can be easily disassembled and, arranged in a small diplomat, It can be quietly zipped to place shares. Their assembly and bring to combat the state takes just minuty.Integrirovannye silencers rightfully considered among the champions of sound suppression of all other structures. repeat: considered. But in recent years it became clear, you can mute the sound of the shot and more effective way.
"RUSSIAN WHISPER"
The idea is, that after the shot did not release the powder gases from the barrel, tightly lock them in a confined space. This idea originated long ago, more than a century ago. In the first silencer,proposed by the French Colonel Humbert, it is partially used. More than thirty years later, the inventors have already mentioned Mitya's brothers created a silencer for Nagant revolver, in which after the shot the barrel locked kind of wad (bullet tray) and cuts gazy.Proshlo powder for about a dozen years, and during the Great Patriotic War in the Tula Arms Plant Engineer Gurevich developed cartridge extraordinary design. Inside his sleeve, front propellant charge, It was the piston. The space between the piston and the water fills the bullet. When fired, the powder gases pushing piston, the pressured water, and she, on the bullet. Reaching the end of the sleeve, the piston stop, resting on the ledge, and locked the exit gases. The bullet also continued to move under the pressure of the water, coming out of the barrel and flew to the goal. There was almost no noise, but a large cloud of spray betrayed fighter.
Interest in silencers has grown enormously in the middle of the last century, with the beginning of the "cold war". here, there local conflicts. needed and special weapons for riot, in particular, silent. Our designers, creating new kinds of sound suppressors, We choose the most promising, but also difficult to implement the principle of killing, namely: cutoff propellant gases in the cartridge holder. Successful was silent spetspatron SP-2. Then there were better noiseless cartridges NP-3 and NP-4. here, eg, how the last one. Bullet cartridge SP-4 has an unusual cylindrical shape and fully immersed in the sleeve, abutting against the piston, that after the shot closes the outlet powder gazam.Pod noiseless cartridge SP-3 was created spetspistolet small SMEs, which is characterized by the fact, that he is a double-barreled. And under the cartridge SP-4-the world's only self-loading pistol special CAP.
The development of silent weapons are far ahead of the domestic foreign gunsmiths. Creation in our country with the gas cut-off cartridges has caused quite a stir in the West, and complexes themselves (Cartridge guns) It was called "Russian whisper" .And yet, despite advances, to modern silencers can produce a lot of complaints: their weight, dimensions, efficiency and accuracy of shooting, and most importantly, the deadline sluzhby.Poka more mufflers are too expensive, cumbersome, short-lived for, to be able to provide them each soldier. However, it is not necessary. But reduce the volume of fire is very useful for hearing soldiers, and for the vocal cords commanders, leadership battle. With this purpose, it creates a simplified silencers, the so-called low-noise devices strelby.Segodnya improvement killers shot sound continues, and it will not stop, probably, until, while there will be a very small arms
Drown out the sound of gun shots
Drown out the sound of gun shots much more difficult, gases as they erupt between the bolt and the barrel drum. As for the submachine guns, then they have mufflers and forearm constitute one unit, as in German 9mm MP-5. Something like the British invented - "Sterling Mk 5" - used in 1982 , with the military conflict in the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) as the British Isles, and the Argentine authorities. A pioneer in this business were Chinese. Back in the mid '60s they created for their own special forces 7.62 mm submachine gun "64".
Mufflers to a shotgun
The increasing spread of smoothbore shotguns as a combat weapon has prompted designers to develop silencers for shotguns. The most successful example of - the muffler to the American "Mossberg Escort" for bodyguards. Today, the main areas of research - a further reduction of sound, reduction in weight and size of mufflers, reducing their impact on the precision and accuracy of fire. In published reports state, and that they are characterized by such shortcomings, as a low reliability (especially when using flexible membranes or washers), the need for careful individual fit. Therefore, they are a special tool, silent and small arms still has no prospects to become a mass armies. In recent years, it is recommended to use special cartridges more often to reduce the shot volume. You can enter in their design a kind of "wad", which would have pushed the bullet, but cuts off the powder gases, not allowing them to come out of the barrel. Another method of achieving low noise is the creation of military airguns. Even in the era of the Napoleonic Wars Austrian arrows terrified the brave Frenchmen its quiet and well-aimed "air chokes" with a balloon in the butt. For decades we are working on pneumatics - yet, true, without significant results.
But along with increasing the number of cameras and the increasing complexity of their configuration, improving designs are a variety of ways. The bulky body of the muffler is often closes the usual sights, however it has a eccentrically - axis of the instrument is significantly lower barrel axis. But, of course, channel for passage of the bullet must be strictly coaxial with the barrel, because even with a light touch of its internal partitions sharply reduced accuracy of fire. A weakening of the attachment device on the gun body generally can lead to fire through its front wall ...
Flat partition expansion chambers are often replaced by convex - conical form or another, deflecting the flow of propellant gases to the peripheral portion of the muffler, that does not allow him to outrun a bullet. The same effect generates helical baffle, passing across the length of the device.
Sometimes the expansion chamber is partially filled with heat sink material - fine aluminum mesh or just chips, copper wire. heating them, gases are cooled actively. But these fillers is difficult to clean from powder varnish, and must be replaced periodically. The efficiency of silencing also affects the material themselves partitions: eg, replacement of steel to aluminum, more conductive, It gives a significant reduction in the volume. However, if the frequent shooting with silencer, as the pressure in the growth chamber and the heating heat sink, efficiency of the device decreases abruptly; if a row from it to make a dozen or two shots, “silent” weapon turns into the most common. Therefore it is recommended to fire single shots and with long pauses, allow to cool to the whole structure.
occasionally, to improve its silencing premoistened with water. Suffice it literally tablespoon. In this muffler is cooled by evaporation of water (frion principle of operation in the refrigerator). Just add a little water in the exhaust sound of the shot changes, Metal "melon" more hollow "tang". Water is usually enough to 10-20 shots.
Efficiency is also increased by silencing complex and rigorous calculations inner gas dynamics. for example, by using a specific profile shaped baffles in the chambers are counterflows and turbulent gas swirls. As a result, its molecules, colliding repeatedly in different directions, quenched with each other energy.
Developed original design, providing gas flow reflected from the inner surface of the front wall of the muffler. Thereafter, gases energy decreases due to multiple reflection and damping an oncoming shock wave within the housing. Such devices may be multi-chamber.
Invented and absolutely exotic device, apparently looking ridiculously primitive: only a muzzle cone diffuser, enclosed in a tube with open ends. But a very significant reduction of the sound provided here consummate calculation of interference of shock waves within the cone, and most importantly - a surprisingly ingenious method of cooling propellant gases. Breaking out of the cone, they are intensively ejected outside air, as it instantly sucking it from the interior of the tube, causing plummeting of its pressure and temperature. And gases, mixing with the cold air sparse, then lose energy. So, probably, I would sound shot somewhere on dvadtsatikilometrovaya height ...
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